Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Basic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
PeerJ. 2024 Jun 6;12:e17241. doi: 10.7717/peerj.17241. eCollection 2024.
Tea tree () oil (TTO) is an antimicrobial agent, and hence, its use in fabricating nanoparticles (NP) may be useful in providing more efficacious antimicrobial agents. The current research aimed to test the antimicrobial efficacy of TTO and its TTO-Metal-NPs against oral microbes: , , and . The antimicrobial activity of TTO and zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) nanoparticles (NPs) and the combined effects of antimicrobial agents were investigated using agar well diffusion assays. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to identify the phyto-constituents of TTO. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), dynamic light scatter (DLS), and zeta potential were utilized to analyze the biogenic nanoparticles' morphology, size, and potential. The antimicrobial mode of action was determined by assessing the morphological changes under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The TTO extracts converted Zn and Fe ions to NPs, having an average size of 97.50 (ZnNPs) and 102.4 nm (FeNPs). All tested agents had significant antibacterial efficacy against the tested oral microbes. However, the TTO extract was more efficacious than the NPs. Combination treatment of TTO with antibiotics resulted in partial additive effects against and partial antagonistic effects against , , and common mouthwashes (Oral B and chlorhexidine). TTO and NP-treated bacteria underwent morphological changes on treatment. phytochemicals could be useful for further research and development of antimicrobial NPs. The current study highlights the variance in activity observed for different types of bacteria and antagonistic effects seen with common mouthwashes, which represent a threat to therapeutic efficacy and heighten the risk of clinical microbial resistance.
茶树油（TTO）是一种抗菌剂，因此，将其用于制造纳米颗粒（NP）可能有助于提供更有效的抗菌剂。本研究旨在测试 TTO 及其 TTO-金属-NP 对口腔微生物的抗菌功效：、、和。使用琼脂孔扩散法研究 TTO 和锌（Zn）和铁（Fe）纳米颗粒（NP）的抗菌活性以及抗菌剂的联合作用。傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）用于鉴定 TTO 的植物成分。场发射扫描电子显微镜（FE-SEM）、动态光散射（DLS）和zeta 电位用于分析生物纳米颗粒的形态、大小和电位。通过评估扫描电子显微镜（SEM）下的形态变化来确定抗菌作用模式。TTO 提取物将 Zn 和 Fe 离子转化为 NP，平均粒径为 97.50（ZnNPs）和 102.4nm（FeNPs）。所有测试的试剂对测试的口腔微生物均具有显著的抗菌功效。然而，TTO 提取物比 NPs 更有效。TTO 与抗生素联合治疗对和表现出部分相加作用，对和普通漱口水（Oral B 和洗必泰）表现出部分拮抗作用。TTO 和 NP 处理的细菌在处理后发生形态变化。TTO 的植物化学物质可能对进一步研究和开发抗菌 NP 有用。本研究强调了不同类型细菌观察到的活性变化和普通漱口水观察到的拮抗作用，这对治疗功效构成威胁，并增加了临床微生物耐药的风险。
