Goetz Christopher G
Department of Neurological Studies, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2025 Apr 1;15(4):a041642. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041642.
Although components of possible Parkinson's disease can be found in earlier documents, the first clear medical description was written in 1817 by James Parkinson. In the mid-1800s, Jean-Martin Charcot was particularly influential in refining and expanding this early description and in disseminating information internationally about Parkinson's disease. He separated the clinical spectrum of Parkinson's disease from multiple sclerosis and other disorders characterized by tremor, and he recognized cases that later would likely be classified among the parkinsonism-plus syndromes. Early treatments of Parkinson's disease were based on empirical observation, and anticholinergic drugs were used as early as the nineteenth century. The discovery of dopaminergic deficits in Parkinson's disease and the synthetic pathway of dopamine led to the first human trials of levodopa. Further historically important anatomical, biochemical, and physiological studies identified additional pharmacological and neurosurgical targets for Parkinson's disease and allow modern clinicians to offer an array of therapies aimed at improving function in this still incurable disease.
尽管在早期文献中就能发现帕金森病的一些相关成分，但首次明确的医学描述是由詹姆斯·帕金森于1817年撰写的。在19世纪中叶，让-马丁·沙尔科在完善和扩展这一早期描述以及在国际上传播帕金森病信息方面发挥了特别重要的作用。他将帕金森病的临床谱系与多发性硬化症以及其他以震颤为特征的疾病区分开来，并且他识别出了后来可能被归类为帕金森叠加综合征的病例。帕金森病的早期治疗基于经验观察，早在19世纪就使用了抗胆碱能药物。帕金森病中多巴胺能缺陷以及多巴胺合成途径的发现导致了左旋多巴的首次人体试验。进一步具有历史重要性的解剖学、生物化学和生理学研究确定了帕金森病的其他药理学和神经外科靶点，并使现代临床医生能够提供一系列旨在改善这种仍无法治愈疾病功能的疗法。
