Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Int Immunopharmacol. 2024 Aug 20;137:112419. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112419. Epub 2024 Jun 11.
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) triggers coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which predominantly targets the respiratory tract. SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially severe COVID-19, is associated with dysregulated immune responses against the virus, including exaggerated inflammatory responses known as the cytokine storm, together with lymphocyte and NK cell dysfunction known as immune cell exhaustion. Overexpression of negative immune checkpoints such as PD-1 and CTLA-4 plays a considerable role in the dysfunction of immune cells upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. Blockade of these checkpoints has been suggested to improve the clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients by promoting potent immune responses against the virus. In the current review, we provide an overview of the potential of checkpoint inhibitors to induce potent immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 and improving the clinical outcome of severe COVID-19 patients.
严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2（SARS-CoV-2）感染引发 2019 年冠状病毒病（COVID-19），主要针对呼吸道。SARS-CoV-2 感染，特别是严重 COVID-19，与针对病毒的免疫反应失调有关，包括称为细胞因子风暴的过度炎症反应，以及称为免疫细胞耗竭的淋巴细胞和 NK 细胞功能障碍。负免疫检查点如 PD-1 和 CTLA-4 的过度表达在 SARS-CoV-2 感染时免疫细胞功能障碍中起重要作用。阻断这些检查点被认为通过促进针对病毒的有效免疫反应来改善 COVID-19 患者的临床结局。在本综述中，我们概述了检查点抑制剂诱导针对 SARS-CoV-2 的有效免疫反应并改善严重 COVID-19 患者临床结局的潜力。
