Alale Enoch Mbawin, Tulashie Samuel Kofi, Miyittah Michael, Baidoo Emmanuel Boafo, Adukpoh Kingsley Enoch, Dadzie Enock Opare, Osei Clement Akonnor, Gah Bright Komla, Acquah Desmond, Quasi Philip Agudah
Industrial Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Takoradi - Cape Coast Rd, Cape Coast, Central Region P.M.B. University Post Office, Ghana.
Department of Chemical and Renewable Energy Engineering, School of Sustainable Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Takoradi - Cape Coast Rd, Cape Coast, Central Region P.M.B. University Post Office, Ghana.
Heliyon. 2024 May 16;10(11):e31171. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31171. eCollection 2024 Jun 15.
Though little research has been done, shea nut oil (Shea Butter), is a promising shea product with great potential for use in industrial shea product manufacture. To assess the oil obtained from the shea nuts for personal, commercial, and industrial use, this study focuses on the extraction process, the optimal solvent for extraction, thermodynamics and kinetic studies, and characterization of the oil. Using different solvents as well as extraction temperatures and times, the oil was extracted using the solvent extraction method. Moreover, models of thermodynamics and kinetics were used in examining the Shea nut oil extraction at different durations and temperatures. At the highest temperature of 333 K (at 130min), the highest oil yields of 70.2 % and 59.9 % for n-hexane and petroleum ether, respectively, were obtained, following first order kinetics. For both petroleum ether and n-hexane, the regression coefficient (R) was 1. For the extraction with n-hexane and petroleum ether, the mass transfer coefficient (K), activation energy (Ea), entropy change (ΔS), enthalpy change (ΔH), and Gibb's free energy (ΔG) were, respectively, (0.0098 ± 0.0061 and 0.0123 ± 0.0084) min, 74.59 kJ mol and 88.65 kJ mol, (-236.15 ± 0.16 and -235.63 ± 0.17) J/mol K, (71.88 ± 0.06 and 85.94 ± 0.06) kJ/mol, and (148.75 ± 1.52 and 162.46 ± 1.52) kJ/mol. These values favor an irreversible, forward, endothermic, and spontaneous process. Gas chromatography analysis was used to identify the principal fatty acids in the oil, which include stearic acid (52 %), oleic acid (30 %), and linoleic acid (3 %), as well as various minor fatty acids. The oil's potential bonds and functional groups were identified using Fourier Transform Infrared analysis, and the physicochemical parameters such as the iodine value, peroxide value, acid and free fatty acid values were found to be within acceptable ranges for use in domestic, commercial, and industrial settings.
尽管相关研究较少，但乳木果油在工业乳木果产品制造中具有巨大的应用潜力，是一种很有前景的乳木果产品。为了评估从乳木果中提取的油在个人、商业和工业用途方面的性能，本研究聚焦于提取过程、最佳提取溶剂、热力学和动力学研究以及该油的特性表征。采用不同的溶剂以及提取温度和时间，通过溶剂萃取法提取乳木果油。此外，运用热力学和动力学模型研究了不同时长和温度下的乳木果油提取过程。在333K的最高温度下（130分钟时），正己烷和石油醚的最高出油率分别为70.2%和59.9%，符合一级动力学。对于石油醚和正己烷，回归系数（R）均为1。对于正己烷和石油醚的萃取，传质系数（K）、活化能（Ea）、熵变（ΔS）、焓变（ΔH）和吉布斯自由能（ΔG）分别为（0.0098±0.0061和0.0123±0.0084）分钟、74.59kJ/mol和88.65kJ/mol、（-236.15±0.16和-235.63±0.17）J/mol·K、（71.88±0.06和85.94±0.06）kJ/mol以及（148.75±1.52和162.46±1.52）kJ/mol。这些数值表明该过程是不可逆的、正向的、吸热的且自发的。通过气相色谱分析确定了该油中的主要脂肪酸，包括硬脂酸（52%）、油酸（30%）和亚油酸（3%）以及各种微量脂肪酸。利用傅里叶变换红外分析确定了该油的潜在化学键和官能团，发现其碘值、过氧化值、酸值和游离脂肪酸值等理化参数在家庭、商业和工业应用的可接受范围内。
