Unit for Clinical Research on Addictions, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4959 Nydalen, Oslo, 0424, Norway.
Norwegian Centre for Addiction Reasearch, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1039 Blindern, Oslo, 0315, Norway.
Harm Reduct J. 2024 Jun 19;21(1):120. doi: 10.1186/s12954-024-01023-9.
BACKGROUND: During the initial wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a surprisingly low incidence of SARS-CoV-2 among People Who Use Drugs (PWUD) in Oslo, Norway, despite their heightened vulnerability regarding risk of infection and severe courses of the disease.This study aims to investigate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among PWUD, their antibody responses to relevant virus infections and COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, and their vaccination coverage compared to the general population. METHODS: Conducted as a prospective cohort study, data was collected from residents in six institutions for homeless PWUD and users of a low-threshold clinic for opioid agonist treatment. Ninety-seven participants were recruited for SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence analysis. Additional two participants with known positive SARS-CoV-2 test results were recruited for further analyses. Twenty-five participants completed follow-up. Data included questionnaires, nasal swabs and blood samples. Data on vaccination coverage was obtained from the National Vaccine Register. Serologic methods included detection of antibodies to relevant virus proteins, neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, antibodies to the full-length spike protein, and receptor-binding domain from SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS: Among PWUD, antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were detected in 2 out of 97 samples before vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 were available, comparable to a 2.8% frequency in population-based screening. Levels of serum antibodies to seasonal coronaviruses and Epstein-Barr-Virus (EBV) in PWUD were similar to population-based levels. After the second vaccine dose, binding and neutralizing antibody levels to SARS-CoV-2 in PWUD were comparable to controls. Eighty-four of PWUD received at least one dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, compared to 89% in the general population. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that PWUD did not exhibit increased SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence or elevated serum antibodies to seasonal coronaviruses and EBV. Moreover, vaccine responses in PWUD were comparable to controls, suggesting that vaccination is effective in conferring protection against SARS-CoV-2 also in this population.
背景：在 COVID-19 大流行的初期，挪威奥斯陆的吸毒者（PWUD）感染 SARS-CoV-2 的发病率出人意料地低，尽管他们在感染风险和疾病严重程度方面处于弱势。本研究旨在调查吸毒者中 SARS-CoV-2 抗体的血清阳性率、他们对相关病毒感染和 COVID-19 mRNA 疫苗的抗体反应以及与普通人群相比的疫苗接种覆盖率。
方法：作为一项前瞻性队列研究进行，从无家可归的吸毒者和阿片类药物激动剂治疗的低门槛诊所的使用者所在的六家机构的居民中收集数据。对 97 名参与者进行 SARS-CoV-2 血清阳性率分析。另外招募了两名已知 SARS-CoV-2 检测结果阳性的参与者进行进一步分析。25 名参与者完成了随访。数据包括问卷调查、鼻拭子和血液样本。疫苗接种覆盖率数据来自国家疫苗登记处。血清学方法包括检测相关病毒蛋白的抗体、对 SARS-CoV-2 的中和抗体、SARS-CoV-2 的全长刺突蛋白抗体和受体结合域抗体。
结果：在有针对 SARS-CoV-2 的疫苗之前，97 名吸毒者中有 2 名检测到 SARS-CoV-2 抗体，与基于人群的筛查中 2.8%的频率相当。吸毒者血清中季节性冠状病毒和 Epstein-Barr-Virus（EBV）抗体的水平与基于人群的水平相似。接种第二剂疫苗后，吸毒者对 SARS-CoV-2 的结合和中和抗体水平与对照组相当。84 名吸毒者至少接种了一剂 COVID-19 mRNA 疫苗，而普通人群中这一比例为 89%。
结论：结果表明，吸毒者没有表现出 SARS-CoV-2 血清阳性率升高或季节性冠状病毒和 EBV 血清抗体水平升高。此外，吸毒者的疫苗反应与对照组相当，这表明疫苗接种在该人群中也能有效提供对 SARS-CoV-2 的保护。
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