Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China.
Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
Nutrients. 2024 May 28;16(11):1654. doi: 10.3390/nu16111654.
Longan ( Lour.) is a kind of traditional fruit used as a medicine and a food. Fresh longan is primarily consumed as a fruit, whereas dried longan is commonly employed for medicinal purposes. The differences in the immunomodulatory activities and mechanisms of polysaccharides between dried and fresh longan remain unclear. The present study comparatively analyzed the mechanisms of macrophage activation induced by polysaccharides from dried (LPG) and fresh longan (LPX). The results revealed that LPG and LPX differentially promoted macrophage phagocytosis and the secretion of NO, TNF-α, and IL-6. RNA-seq analysis revealed that LPG and LPX differentially affected gene expression in macrophages. The LPG treatment identified and chemokine-related genes as core genes, while and interferon-related genes were the core genes affected by LPX. A comprehensive analysis of the differentially expressed genes showed that LPG initiated macrophage activation primarily through the TLR2/4-mediated and CLR-mediated NF-κB signaling pathways. LPX initiated macrophage activation predominantly via the CLR-mediated and NLR-mediated MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Interestingly, the non-classical NF-κB signaling pathway was activated by polysaccharides in both dried and fresh longan to elicit a slow, mild immune response. LPG tends to promote immune cell migration to engage in the immune response, while LPX facilitates antigen presentation to promote T cell activation. These findings contribute insights into the mechanisms underlying the differences in bioactivity between dried and fresh longan and their potential applications in immune-enhancing strategies and functional-food development.
桂圆（龙眼）是一种传统的药食两用水果。鲜桂圆主要作为水果食用，而干桂圆则常用于药用。目前，关于干桂圆和鲜桂圆多糖在免疫调节活性和机制方面的差异尚不清楚。本研究比较分析了干桂圆（LPG）和鲜桂圆（LPX）多糖诱导巨噬细胞活化的机制。结果表明，LPG 和 LPX 可促进巨噬细胞吞噬作用和 NO、TNF-α 和 IL-6 的分泌，但作用方式不同。RNA-seq 分析显示，LPG 和 LPX 对巨噬细胞基因表达的影响不同。LPG 处理的核心基因为趋化因子相关基因，而 LPX 处理的核心基因为干扰素相关基因。差异表达基因的综合分析表明，LPG 通过 TLR2/4 介导的 和 CLR 介导的 NF-κB 信号通路激活巨噬细胞。LPX 通过 CLR 介导的 和 NLR 介导的 MAPK 和 NF-κB 信号通路激活巨噬细胞。有趣的是，多糖在干桂圆和鲜桂圆中均可激活非经典 NF-κB 信号通路，引发缓慢、温和的免疫反应。LPG 倾向于促进免疫细胞迁移，以参与免疫反应，而 LPX 则有利于抗原呈递，以促进 T 细胞激活。这些发现为干桂圆和鲜桂圆在生物活性方面的差异及其在免疫增强策略和功能性食品开发中的应用提供了深入的机制见解。
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