Chen Linfeng, Yu Xiaoxiao, Gao Mengyue, Xu Chengjian, Zhang Junyan, Zhang Xinhai, Zhu Meifang, Cheng Yanhua
State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China.
Chem Soc Rev. 2024 Jul 15;53(14):7489-7530. doi: 10.1039/d3cs01014g.
Global population growth and industrialization have exacerbated the nonrenewable energy crises and environmental issues, thereby stimulating an enormous demand for producing environmentally friendly materials. Typically, biomass-based aerogels (BAs), which are mainly composed of biomass materials, show great application prospects in various fields because of their exceptional properties such as biocompatibility, degradability, and renewability. To improve the performance of BAs to meet the usage requirements of different scenarios, a large number of innovative works in the past few decades have emphasized the importance of micro-structural design in regulating macroscopic functions. Inspired by the ubiquitous random or regularly arranged structures of materials in nature ranging from micro to meso and macro scales, constructing different microstructures often corresponds to completely different functions even with similar biomolecular compositions. This review focuses on the preparation process, design concepts, regulation methods, and the synergistic combination of chemical compositions and microstructures of BAs with different porous structures from the perspective of gel skeleton and pore structure. It not only comprehensively introduces the effect of various microstructures on the physical properties of BAs, but also analyzes their potential applications in the corresponding fields of thermal management, water treatment, atmospheric water harvesting, CO absorption, energy storage and conversion, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, biological applications, Finally, we provide our perspectives regarding the challenges and future opportunities of BAs. Overall, our goal is to provide researchers with a thorough understanding of the relationship between the microstructures and properties of BAs, supported by a comprehensive analysis of the available data.
全球人口增长和工业化加剧了不可再生能源危机和环境问题，从而刺激了对生产环保材料的巨大需求。通常，主要由生物质材料组成的生物质基气凝胶（BAs），由于其生物相容性、可降解性和可再生性等优异性能，在各个领域展现出巨大的应用前景。为了提高BAs的性能以满足不同场景的使用要求，在过去几十年中，大量创新性工作强调了微观结构设计在调节宏观功能方面的重要性。受自然界中从微观到介观和宏观尺度普遍存在的随机或规则排列结构的启发，即使生物分子组成相似，构建不同的微观结构通常也对应着完全不同的功能。本综述从凝胶骨架和孔结构的角度，聚焦于具有不同多孔结构的BAs的制备过程、设计理念、调控方法以及化学成分与微观结构的协同组合。它不仅全面介绍了各种微观结构对BAs物理性能的影响，还分析了它们在热管理、水处理、大气集水、CO吸收、能量存储与转换、电磁干扰（EMI）屏蔽、生物应用等相应领域的潜在应用。最后，我们给出了关于BAs面临的挑战和未来机遇的观点。总体而言，我们的目标是通过对现有数据的全面分析，为研究人员提供对BAs微观结构与性能之间关系的透彻理解。
