Dentistry Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís, 65080-805, Brazil.
Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil.
Clin Oral Investig. 2024 Jun 22;28(7):391. doi: 10.1007/s00784-024-05789-x.
To evaluate cytokine levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17a, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of periodontal sites in individuals with Down syndrome (DS) and analyze their relationship with clinical periodontal parameters.
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 49 DS patients and 32 individuals without DS (non-DS group). Periodontal probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BoP), and visible plaque index (VPI) were evaluated. The periodontal sites were classified as shallow, moderate, and deep. GCF was collected in all shallow sites and, when present, in moderate and deep sites for the analysis of cytokine levels. The cytokines, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17a, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, were quantified using the Luminex® automatic analyzer system.
The DS group presented greater severity of periodontitis compared to the non-DS group (P = 0.005). The DS group showed a significant direct correlation of IL-1β and an inverse correlation of IFN-γ and IL-14 with all periodontal variables. In the analysis stratified by periodontal pocket depth, we observed a higher level of IFN-γ, IL-17a, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the shallow sites, and IL-17a, IL-1β, and IL-6 in deep pockets of DS group individuals. Multivariate models showed that higher levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-17a were associated with Down syndrome even after adjusting for periodontal status, sex, and age.
The findings suggest that people with DS have greater periodontal impairment and higher levels of cytokines in GCF, even in sites having clinical periodontal parameters similar to those of individuals without DS. These data reiterate the concept of an altered and less effective immune response in the population with DS in the face of a periodontal microbial challenge.
Elevated periodontal inflammation burden can be observed with higher cytokine levels in the gingival crevicular fluid of people with Down syndrome, especially IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-17, regardless of the stage of periodontitis.
评估唐氏综合征（DS）患者牙周袋内液（GCF）中白细胞介素（IL）-1β、IL-4、IL-6、IL-17a、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α和干扰素（IFN）-γ的细胞因子水平，并分析其与临床牙周参数的关系。
本横断面研究纳入 49 例 DS 患者和 32 名非 DS 个体（非 DS 组）。评估牙周探诊深度（PPD）、临床附着水平（CAL）、探诊出血（BoP）和可见菌斑指数（VPI）。将牙周位点分为浅、中、深。在所有浅牙周位点采集 GCF，并在存在中深牙周位点时采集 GCF 用于细胞因子水平分析。采用 Luminex®自动分析系统定量检测细胞因子 IL-1β、IL-4、IL-6、IL-17a、TNF-α和 IFN-γ。
与非 DS 组相比，DS 组牙周炎严重程度更严重（P=0.005）。DS 组中 IL-1β与所有牙周变量呈显著正相关，IFN-γ和 IL-14 与所有牙周变量呈负相关。在按牙周袋深度分层分析中，我们观察到 DS 组浅牙周袋中 IFN-γ、IL-17a、IL-1β和 IL-6 水平较高，深牙周袋中 IL-17a、IL-1β和 IL-6 水平较高。多变量模型显示，即使在调整牙周状况、性别和年龄后，IL-1β、IL-4、IL-6 和 IL-17a 水平较高仍与唐氏综合征相关。
这些发现表明，即使在临床牙周参数与非 DS 个体相似的部位，唐氏综合征患者的牙周破坏程度更大，GCF 中的细胞因子水平也更高。这些数据再次强调了唐氏综合征患者在面临牙周微生物挑战时，免疫反应改变且效果不佳的概念。
唐氏综合征患者的牙周炎炎症负担加重，GCF 中的细胞因子水平升高，尤其是 IL-1、IL-4、IL-6 和 IL-17，无论牙周炎处于何种阶段均如此。
