Transcriptomic re-analyses of human hepatocyte spheroids treated with PFAS reveals chain length and dose-dependent modes of action.

To identify pathway perturbations and examine biological modes of action (MOAs) for various perfluoroalkyl substances, we re-analyzed published in vitro gene expression studies from human primary liver spheroids. With treatment times ranging from 10 to 14 days, shorter-chain PFAS (those with 6 or fewer fluorinated carbon atoms in the alkyl chain) showed enrichment for pathways of fatty acid metabolism and fatty acid beta-oxidation with upregulated genes. Longer-chain PFAS compounds, specifically PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate), PFDS (perfluorodecane sulfonate), and higher doses of PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid), had enrichment for pathways involved in steroid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and biological oxidation for downregulated genes. Although PFNA (perfluorononanoic acid), PFDA (perfluorodecanoic acid), and PFUnDA (perfluoroundecanoic acid) were more toxic and could only be examined after a 1-day treatment, all three had enrichment patterns similar to those observed with PFOS. With PFOA there were dose-dependent changes in pathway enrichment, shifting from upregulation of fatty acid metabolism and downregulation of steroid metabolism to downregulation of both at higher doses. The response to PFHpS (perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid) was similar to the PFOA pattern at the lower treatment dose. Based on results of transcription factor binding sites analyses, we propose that downregulation of pathways of lipid metabolism by longer chain PFAS may be due to inhibitory interactions of PPARD on genes controlled by PPARA and PPARG. In conclusion, our transcriptomic analysis indicates that the biological MOAs of PFAS compounds differ according to chain length and dose, and that risk assessments for PFAS should consider these differences in biological MOAs when evaluating mixtures of these compounds.