Metabolites of blueberry roots at different developmental stages strongly shape microbial community structure and intra-kingdom interactions at the root-soil interface.

The rhizosphere microorganisms of blueberry plants have long coexisted with their hosts under distinctively acidic soil conditions, exerting a profound influence on host performance through mutualistic symbiotic interactions. Meanwhile, plants can regulate rhizosphere microorganisms by exerting host effects to meet the functional requirements of plant growth and development. However, it remains unknown how the developmental stages of blueberry plants affect the structure, function, and interactions of the rhizosphere microbial communities. Here, we examined bacterial communities and root metabolites at three developmental stages (flower and leaf bud development stage, fruit growth and development stage, and fruit maturation stage) of blueberry plants. The results revealed that the Shannon and Chao 1 indices as well as community composition varied significantly across all three developmental stages. The relative abundance of Actinobacteria significantly increased by 10 % (p < 0.05) from stage 1 to stage 2, whereas that of Proteobacteria decreased significantly. The co-occurrence network analysis revealed a relatively complex network with 1179 edges and 365 nodes in the stage 2. Niche breadth was highest at stage 2, while niche overlap tended to increase as the plant developed. Furthermore, the untargeted metabolome analysis revealed that the number of differential metabolites of vitamins, nucleic acids, steroids, and lipids increased between stage 1 to stage2 and stage 2 to stage 3, while those for differential metabolites of carbohydrates and peptides decreased. Significant changes in expression levels of levan, L-glutamic acid, indoleacrylic acid, oleoside 11-methyl ester, threo-syringoylglycerol, gingerglycolipid B, and bovinic acid were highly correlated with the bacterial community structure. Collectively, our study reveals that significant alterations in dominant bacterial taxa are strongly correlated with the dynamics of root metabolites. These findings lay the groundwork for developing prebiotic products to enhance the beneficial effects of root microorganisms and boosting blueberry productivity via a sustainable approach.