Godet Marie, Loisel Claudine, Vergès-Belmin Véronique, Menguy Nicolas, Chabas Anne, Verney-Carron Aurélie, Ropiquet Mathilde, Jacquet Quentin, Queffelec Alain, Azéma Aurélia
Ministère de la Culture, Laboratoire de recherche des monuments historiques (LRMH), 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France; Sorbonne Université, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Ministère de la Culture, CNRS, UAR 3224, Centre de recherche sur la conservation (CRC), 75005 Paris, France.
Ministère de la Culture, Laboratoire de recherche des monuments historiques (LRMH), 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France; Sorbonne Université, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Ministère de la Culture, CNRS, UAR 3224, Centre de recherche sur la conservation (CRC), 75005 Paris, France.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Oct 10;946:174309. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174309. Epub 2024 Jun 28.
Fire is a major hazard for built heritage. The fire at Notre-Dame on April 15, 2019 completely destroyed the woodframe and the lead roof (about 285 tons) almost entirely melted due to high temperatures. A part of the molten lead escaped into the atmosphere in the form of aerosols while the majority remains within cathedral enclosure in the form of deposits, metallic remains, spatters etc. In particular unusual yellowish deposits of lead-rich particles were observed and collected inside the monument (in the nave, near the organ and in St-Eloi Chapel). These were then thoroughly characterized to identify the neoformed lead compounds. Both bulk and local analyses were carried out to obtain particle morphology and size distribution, chemistry and mineralogy of the deposits, from macro to nanoscale. We found that the fire-related deposits all contain high amount of lead (10 to 44 %) mainly in the form of monoxides (litharge and massicot) with other lead-bearing phases (Ca-plumbate, metallic lead, lead sulfates and carbonates, plattnerite) in smaller amount. These lead phases are concentrated in heterogeneous microspheres, at the periphery of terrigenous minerals (calcite, quartz, feldspars) or mixed with anhydrite minerals. The size distribution shows that the fire produced giant particles (> 100 μm in diameter) similar to those found near the fallout from industrial emissions. This study provides a better understanding of the lead contamination pathways following the Notre-Dame cathedral fire and new insights into the reactivity of lead during a fire.
火灾是建筑遗产面临的重大危害。2019年4月15日巴黎圣母院发生的火灾彻底摧毁了木构架，铅制屋顶（约285吨）因高温几乎完全熔化。一部分熔化的铅以气溶胶形式逸散到大气中，而大部分则以沉积物、金属残骸、飞溅物等形式留在大教堂内部。特别是在建筑内部（中殿、管风琴附近和圣埃洛伊小教堂）观察到并收集到了富含铅颗粒的异常淡黄色沉积物。随后对这些沉积物进行了全面表征，以确定新形成的铅化合物。进行了整体和局部分析，以获得沉积物从宏观到纳米尺度的颗粒形态、尺寸分布、化学组成和矿物学信息。我们发现，与火灾相关的沉积物都含有大量的铅（10%至44%），主要以氧化物（密陀僧和铅黄）的形式存在，其他含铅相（钙铅矿、金属铅、硫酸铅和碳酸铅、四方铅矿）含量较少。这些铅相集中在非均质微球中，位于陆源矿物（方解石、石英、长石）的外围或与硬石膏矿物混合。尺寸分布表明，火灾产生了与工业排放沉降物附近发现的类似的巨型颗粒（直径>100μm）。这项研究有助于更好地理解巴黎圣母院火灾后的铅污染途径，并为火灾期间铅反应性提供新的见解。
