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有时记忆会产生误导:错误速度效应的变体强化了识别记忆中存在系统性误导记忆信号的证据。

Sometimes memory misleads: Variants of the error-speed effect strengthen the evidence for systematically misleading memory signals in recognition memory.

作者信息

Voormann Anne, Rothe-Wulf Annelie, Meyer-Grant Constantin G, Klauer Karl Christoph

机构信息

Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

出版信息

Psychon Bull Rev. 2025 Feb;32(1):294-305. doi: 10.3758/s13423-024-02534-z. Epub 2024 Jul 1.

Abstract

The error-speed effect describes the observation that the speed of recognition errors in a first binary recognition task predicts the response accuracy in a subsequent two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) task that comprises the erroneously judged items of the first task. So far, the effect has been primarily explained by the assumption that some error responses result from misleading memory evidence. However, it is also possible that the effect arises because participants remember and use their response times from the binary task to solve the 2AFC task. Furthermore, the phenomenon is quite new and its robustness or generalizability across other recognition tasks (e.g., a confidence-rating task) remains to be demonstrated. The aim of the present study is to address these limitations by introducing a new variant of the error-speed effect, replacing the 2AFC task with a confidence-rating task (Experiment 1), and by reversing task order (Experiment 2) to test whether participants employ a response-time strategy. In both experiments, we collected data using a sequential probability ratio t-test procedure and found evidence in favor of the hypothesis that the speed of binary recognition errors predicts confidence ratings for the same stimulus. These results attest to the robustness and generalizability of the error-speed effect and reveal that at least some errors must be due to systematically misleading memory evidence.

摘要

错误速度效应描述了这样一种观察结果

在第一个二选一识别任务中识别错误的速度能够预测后续二选一强制选择(2AFC)任务中的反应准确性,该后续任务包含了第一个任务中被错误判断的项目。到目前为止,这种效应主要是通过这样一种假设来解释的,即一些错误反应是由误导性的记忆证据导致的。然而,这种效应也有可能是因为参与者记住并利用了他们在二选一任务中的反应时间来解决2AFC任务。此外,这一现象相当新颖,其在其他识别任务(如置信度评级任务)中的稳健性或普遍性仍有待证明。本研究的目的是通过引入错误速度效应的一种新变体、用置信度评级任务取代2AFC任务(实验1)以及颠倒任务顺序(实验2)来解决这些局限性,以测试参与者是否采用了反应时间策略。在这两个实验中,我们使用序贯概率比t检验程序收集数据,并发现了支持以下假设的证据:二选一识别错误的速度能够预测对相同刺激的置信度评级。这些结果证明了错误速度效应的稳健性和普遍性,并揭示出至少一些错误必定是由于系统性的误导性记忆证据所致。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/71d5/11836095/6f6b6cf74743/13423_2024_2534_Fig1_HTML.jpg

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引用本文的文献

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Psychon Bull Rev. 2024 Oct;31(5):2180-2188. doi: 10.3758/s13423-024-02475-7. Epub 2024 Feb 26.

本文引用的文献

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Do moments of inattention during study cause the error-speed effect for targets in recognition-memory tasks?
Psychon Bull Rev. 2024 Oct;31(5):2180-2188. doi: 10.3758/s13423-024-02475-7. Epub 2024 Feb 26.
2
Memory error speed predicts subsequent accuracy for recognition misses but not false alarms.
Memory. 2023 Nov;31(10):1340-1351. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2265613. Epub 2023 Nov 21.
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Does misremembering drive false alarms for emotional lures? A diffusion model investigation.
Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2023 Sep;76(9):1973-1989. doi: 10.1177/17470218221137347. Epub 2022 Nov 23.
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Does speed of recognition predict two-alternative forced-choice performance? Replicating and extending Starns, Dubé, and Frelinger (2018).
Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2021 Jan;74(1):122-134. doi: 10.1177/1747021820963033. Epub 2020 Oct 21.
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Psychol Methods. 2020 Apr;25(2):206-226. doi: 10.1037/met0000234. Epub 2019 Sep 9.
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The speed of memory errors shows the influence of misleading information: Testing the diffusion model and discrete-state models.
Cogn Psychol. 2018 May;102:21-40. doi: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2018.01.001. Epub 2018 Jan 11.
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