Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA.
Proc Biol Sci. 2024 Jul;291(2026):20240514. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0514. Epub 2024 Jul 3.
Caddisflies (Trichoptera) are among the most diverse groups of freshwater animals with more than 16 000 described species. They play a fundamental role in freshwater ecology and environmental engineering in streams, rivers and lakes. Because of this, they are frequently used as indicator organisms in biomonitoring programmes. Despite their importance, key questions concerning the evolutionary history of caddisflies, such as the timing and origin of larval case making, remain unanswered owing to the lack of a well-resolved phylogeny. Here, we estimated a phylogenetic tree using a combination of transcriptomes and targeted enrichment data for 207 species, representing 48 of 52 extant families and 174 genera. We calibrated and dated the tree with 33 carefully selected fossils. The first caddisflies originated approximately 295 million years ago in the Permian, and major suborders began to diversify in the Triassic. Furthermore, we show that portable case making evolved in three separate lineages, and shifts in diversification occurred in concert with key evolutionary innovations beyond case making.
石蛾（Trichoptera）是淡水动物中最多样化的群体之一，已描述的物种超过 16000 种。它们在溪流、河流和湖泊的淡水生态和环境工程中发挥着重要作用。因此，它们经常被用作生物监测计划中的指示生物。尽管它们很重要，但由于缺乏良好解决的系统发育，有关石蛾进化历史的关键问题，例如幼虫化蛹的时间和起源，仍然没有答案。在这里，我们使用 207 种物种的转录组和靶向富集数据组合来估计系统发育树，这些物种代表了 52 个现存科中的 48 个和 174 个属。我们用 33 个精心挑选的化石对树进行了校准和定年。第一批石蛾大约在 2.95 亿年前的二叠纪起源，主要亚目在三叠纪开始多样化。此外，我们表明，可移动的蛹室制作是在三个不同的谱系中进化的，并且多样化的转变与除了蛹室制作之外的关键进化创新同时发生。
