Verheijen F J
Exp Biol. 1985;44(1):1-18.
The term photopollution is proposed for artificial light having adverse effects on wildlife. The differences between natural and artificial light are discussed in relation to the concepts of orientation, disorientation, misorientation and abnormal orientation. The ways in which optic orientation systems are attuned to natural illumination conditions are analysed, and it is shown why they therefore may fail to cope with artificial light. It is concluded that for many nocturnally active animals a natural light-field between sunset and sunrise is a requirement for survival. A review is given of data on a) bird kills at man-made lighted obstacles, and b) the interference of artificial light with nest site selection by female sea turtles and water-finding by hatchlings at nesting beaches. Conventional remedies against the hazards of photopollution are critically reviewed and new ones are suggested. It is emphasized that measures should aim not only at reducing threats to a species or population but also at preventing suffering in individual animals.
“光污染”一词是指对野生动物产生不利影响的人造光。结合定向、迷失方向、错误定向和异常定向等概念，讨论了自然光与人造光之间的差异。分析了视觉定向系统适应自然光照条件的方式，并说明了它们因此可能无法应对人造光的原因。得出的结论是，对于许多夜间活动的动物来说，日落到日出之间的自然光场是生存的必要条件。综述了以下两方面的数据：a）在人造照明障碍物处鸟类死亡情况，以及b）人造光对雌性海龟选择筑巢地点和幼龟在筑巢海滩寻找水源的干扰。对针对光污染危害的传统补救措施进行了批判性审查，并提出了新的措施。强调措施不仅应旨在减少对物种或种群的威胁，还应防止个体动物遭受痛苦。
