Acharjee Santanu, Gogoi Upashana
Department of Mathematics, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India.
Department of Mathematics, Morigaon College, Morigaon-782105, Assam, India.
Heliyon. 2024 Jun 10;10(12):e32465. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32465. eCollection 2024 Jun 30.
In 1998, Fields medallist Stephen Smale [Smale (1998) [1]] proposed his famous eighteen problems to the mathematicians of this century. The statement of his eighteenth problem is simple but very important. The statement of his problem is, "What are the limits of intelligence, both artificial and human?". To answer the limit of human intelligence, in this paper, we introduce cognitive-consequence space and cognitive-consequence topology, and mainly prove that deductive and non-deductive parts of a human mind will never be empty. It proves a human being will continue to think and solve problems using both deductive and non-deductive inferences as long as they are alive. Hence, we conclude that human intelligence is limitless. We also introduce cognitive closure, cognitive similarity distance, cognitive limit point, cognitive-continuous function, consequence ideal, consequence filter, Gödel's incompleteness black hole, and study related properties. We also provide suitable justifications to show that cognitive consequence topological space is not similar to that of any existing topological space because it connects cognitive space and consequence operator in one frame to find the limit of human intelligence. Moreover, we also provide justifications to state that artificial intelligence has limitations. Thus, we conclude that human intelligence will always remain superior to artificial intelligence.
1998年,菲尔兹奖得主斯蒂芬·斯梅尔[斯梅尔(1998)[1]]向本世纪的数学家们提出了他著名的十八个问题。他的第十八个问题表述简单却非常重要。他的问题是:“人工智能和人类智能的极限是什么?”。为了回答人类智能的极限问题,在本文中,我们引入了认知结果空间和认知结果拓扑,并主要证明了人类思维的演绎部分和非演绎部分永远不会为空。这证明了人类只要活着就会继续使用演绎推理和非演绎推理来思考和解决问题。因此,我们得出结论:人类智能是无限的。我们还引入了认知封闭、认知相似距离、认知极限点、认知连续函数、结果理想、结果滤子、哥德尔不完全性黑洞,并研究了相关性质。我们还提供了适当的理由来说明认知结果拓扑空间与任何现有的拓扑空间都不相似,因为它在一个框架中连接了认知空间和结果算子以找到人类智能的极限。此外,我们还提供理由表明人工智能存在局限性。因此,我们得出结论:人类智能将永远优于人工智能。