Department of Psychology, Washington State University.
Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon.
Dev Psychol. 2024 Sep;60(9):1580-1592. doi: 10.1037/dev0001740. Epub 2024 Jul 8.
Previous work has examined the impact of prenatal illicit drug use (PDU) on children's problem behaviors. However, many PDU-related risk factors, including genetic and rearing environmental risks, can also influence offspring's problem behaviors, thus confounding PDU, genetic, and rearing environmental influences. This study aimed to (a) identify effects of PDU on school-aged children's problem behaviors, including both externalizing and internalizing behaviors at Age 7, after controlling genetic and specific rearing environmental (e.g., maternal and paternal hostility at Ages 4.5 and 6) influences and (b) examine interaction effects between PDU and maternal and paternal hostility in predicting children's problem behaviors at Age 7. We used a parent-offspring adoption design to partition genetic and prenatal effects from postnatal rearing environmental influences. Participants were 561 children adopted at birth (42% female; 56% White, 19% multiracial, 13% Black/African American, 11% Latine, and 1% other), their adoptive parents, and their birth parents. Results indicate that PDU did not show a direct impact on Age 7 problem behaviors before or after controlling genetic risks and adoptive mother's and father's hostility. However, we found significant interactions between adoptive father's hostility and PDU when predicting children's problem behaviors, such that higher paternal hostility was associated with higher externalizing and internalizing behaviors for children whose birth mothers were non-use or rare use of illicit drugs during pregnancy. The results suggest that different from non- or rare drug-exposed children, higher levels of PDU may override the effects of paternal hostility, but not maternal hostility, on problem behaviors at Age 7. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
先前的研究已经考察了产前滥用药物（PDU）对儿童问题行为的影响。然而，许多与 PDU 相关的风险因素，包括遗传和养育环境风险，也会影响后代的问题行为，从而混淆了 PDU、遗传和养育环境的影响。本研究旨在：(a) 在控制遗传和特定养育环境（例如，4.5 岁和 6 岁时的母婴和父婴敌对）影响后，确定 PDU 对学龄儿童问题行为的影响，包括 7 岁时的外化和内化行为；(b) 检验 PDU 与母婴和父婴敌对之间的交互作用在预测 7 岁儿童问题行为中的作用。我们使用亲子收养设计来分离遗传和产前影响与产后养育环境影响。参与者为 561 名在出生时被收养的儿童（42%为女性；56%为白人，19%为多种族，13%为黑人/非裔美国人，11%为拉丁裔，1%为其他）、他们的养父母和亲生父母。结果表明，在控制遗传风险和收养母亲及父亲的敌对情绪后，PDU 并没有直接影响 7 岁时的问题行为。然而，我们发现，当预测儿童的问题行为时，收养父亲的敌对情绪与 PDU 之间存在显著的相互作用，即对于那些在怀孕期间生母非使用或很少使用非法药物的儿童，父亲的敌对情绪越高，与儿童的外化和内化行为呈正相关。研究结果表明，与非或低水平药物暴露的儿童不同，高水平的 PDU 可能会抵消父方敌对情绪对 7 岁时行为问题的影响，而不是母方敌对情绪。
