Department of Primary Care & Public Health, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
Behav Genet. 2020 Jul;50(4):247-262. doi: 10.1007/s10519-020-10006-y. Epub 2020 Jul 4.
Although genetic factors may contribute to initial liability for ADHD onset, there is growing evidence of the potential importance of the rearing environment on the developmental course of ADHD symptomatology. However, associations between family-level variables (maternal hostility, maternal depressive symptoms) and child behaviors (developmental course of ADHD and aggression) may be explained by genes that are shared by biologically related parents and children. Furthermore, ADHD symptoms and aggression commonly co-occur: it is important to consider both simultaneously to have a better understanding of processes underlying the developmental course of ADHD and aggression. To addresses these issues, we employed a longitudinal genetically sensitive parent-offspring adoption design. Analyses were conducted using Cohort I (n = 340) of the Early Growth and Development Study with cross-validation analyses conducted with Cohort II (n = 178). Adoptive mother hostility, but not depression, was associated with later child ADHD symptoms and aggression. Mothers and their adopted children were genetically unrelated, removing passive rGE as a possible explanation. Early child impulsivity/activation was associated with later ADHD symptoms and aggression. Child impulsivity/activation was also associated with maternal hostility, with some evidence for evocative gene-environment correlation processes on adoptive mother depressive symptoms. This study provides novel insights into family-based environmental influences on child ADHD and aggression symptoms, independent of shared parental genetic factors, implications of which are further explicated in the discussion.
虽然遗传因素可能导致 ADHD 发病的初始易感性，但越来越多的证据表明，养育环境对 ADHD 症状的发展过程具有潜在的重要性。然而，家庭层面的变量（母亲敌意、母亲抑郁症状）与儿童行为（ADHD 症状和攻击行为的发展过程）之间的关联可能可以用父母和孩子之间共享的基因来解释。此外，ADHD 症状和攻击行为通常同时发生：同时考虑这两者对于更好地理解 ADHD 和攻击行为发展过程背后的机制非常重要。为了解决这些问题，我们采用了纵向遗传敏感的亲代-后代收养设计。使用早期生长和发展研究的队列 I（n=340）进行了分析，并使用队列 II（n=178）进行了交叉验证分析。收养母亲的敌意，而不是抑郁，与孩子后来的 ADHD 症状和攻击行为有关。母亲和他们收养的孩子在基因上没有关系，排除了被动 rGE 作为可能的解释。早期儿童冲动/激活与后来的 ADHD 症状和攻击行为有关。儿童冲动/激活也与母亲的敌意有关，在收养母亲抑郁症状方面，有一些证据表明存在唤起的基因-环境相关性过程。这项研究为家庭环境对儿童 ADHD 和攻击行为症状的影响提供了新的见解，这些影响独立于共享的父母遗传因素，讨论部分进一步阐述了这些影响。
