Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Jul 1;7(7):e2420218. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.20218.
Handheld phone use while driving is a major factor in vehicle crashes. Scalable interventions are needed to encourage drivers not to use their phones.
To test whether interventions involving social comparison feedback and/or financial incentives can reduce drivers' handheld phone use.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In a randomized clinical trial, interventions were administered nationwide in the US via a mobile application in the context of a usage-based insurance program (Snapshot Mobile application). Customers were eligible to be invited to participate in the study if enrolled in the usage-based insurance program for 30 to 70 days. The study was conducted from May 13 to June 30, 2019. Analysis was completed December 22, 2023.
Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 trial arms for a 7-week intervention period: (1) control; (2) feedback, with weekly push notification about their handheld phone use compared with that of similar others; (3) standard incentive, with a maximum $50 award at the end of the intervention based on how their handheld phone use compared with similar others; (4) standard incentive plus feedback, combining interventions of arms 2 and 3; (5) reframed incentive plus feedback, with a maximum $7.15 award each week, framed as participant's to lose; and (6) doubled reframed incentive plus feedback, a maximum $14.29 weekly loss-framed award.
Proportion of drive time engaged in handheld phone use in seconds per hour (s/h) of driving. Analyses were conducted with the intention-to-treat approach.
Of 17 663 customers invited by email to participate, 2109 opted in and were randomized. A total of 2020 drivers finished the intervention period (68.0% female; median age, 30 [IQR, 25-39] years). Median baseline handheld phone use was 216 (IQR, 72-480) s/h. Relative to control, feedback and standard incentive participants did not reduce their handheld phone use. Standard incentive plus feedback participants reduced their use by -38 (95% CI, -69 to -8) s/h (P = .045); reframed incentive plus feedback participants reduced their use by -56 (95% CI, -87 to -26) s/h (P < .001); and doubled reframed incentive plus feedback participants reduced their use by -42 s/h (95% CI, -72 to -13 s/h; P = .007). The 5 active treatment arms did not differ significantly from each other.
In this randomized clinical trial, providing social comparison feedback plus incentives reduced handheld phone use while individuals were driving.
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03833219.
手持电话在驾驶时的使用是车辆碰撞的一个主要因素。需要采取可扩展的干预措施来鼓励司机不要使用手机。
测试涉及社会比较反馈和/或经济激励的干预措施是否可以减少驾驶员手持电话的使用。
设计、设置和参与者：在一项随机临床试验中，通过基于使用情况的保险计划（Snapshot 移动应用程序）在美国全国范围内通过移动应用程序进行干预。如果客户在基于使用情况的保险计划中注册了 30 至 70 天，则有资格被邀请参加该研究。该研究于 2019 年 5 月 13 日至 6 月 30 日进行。分析于 2023 年 12 月 22 日完成。
参与者被随机分配到 6 个试验臂中的 1 个进行为期 7 周的干预期：（1）对照组；（2）反馈，每周推送通知他们的手持电话使用情况与类似他人的使用情况进行比较；（3）标准激励，根据他们的手持电话使用情况与类似他人的使用情况进行比较，在干预结束时最多可获得 50 美元的奖励；（4）标准激励+反馈，结合第 2 和第 3 臂的干预措施；（5）重新构建激励+反馈，每周最多可获得 7.15 美元的奖励，被视为参与者的损失；（6）双倍重新构建激励+反馈，每周最多可获得 14.29 美元的损失框架奖励。
驾驶时间中每小时（s/h）手持电话使用的比例。分析采用意向治疗方法进行。
在通过电子邮件邀请参与的 17663 名客户中，有 2109 名选择参与并被随机分配。共有 2020 名驾驶员完成了干预期（68.0%为女性；中位数年龄为 30[IQR，25-39]岁）。基线手持电话使用的中位数为 216（IQR，72-480）s/h。与对照组相比，反馈和标准激励组并未减少他们的手持电话使用。标准激励+反馈组减少了 38 秒/小时（95%CI，-69 至-8；P=0.045）；重新构建的激励+反馈组减少了 56 秒/小时（95%CI，-87 至-26；P<0.001）；双倍重新构建的激励+反馈组减少了 42 秒/小时（95%CI，-72 至-13 秒/小时；P=0.007）。五个积极的治疗组彼此之间没有显著差异。
在这项随机临床试验中，提供社会比较反馈和激励措施减少了驾驶员在驾驶时手持电话的使用。
ClinicalTrials.gov 标识符：NCT03833219。
