Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Street 2., H-1117, Budapest, Hungary; National Center for Public Health and Pharmacy, Albert Flórián Street 2-6., H-1097, Budapest, Hungary.
National Center for Public Health and Pharmacy, Albert Flórián Street 2-6., H-1097, Budapest, Hungary.
Chemosphere. 2024 Sep;363:142803. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142803. Epub 2024 Jul 8.
Urban rivers are exposed to an increasing load of organic micropollutants from wastewater effluent posing an ecological as well as public health hazard. One-off surveys can capture a snapshot of the pollution profile but fail to reveal the full scale of spatial and temporal heterogeneity. In the present study, 41 micropollutants (non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), antihypertensives, antiepileptic, antidiabetic, antibiotics, iodinated contrast media (ICM), corrosion inhibitors, pesticides) were monitored every two weeks for one-year upstream and downstream of the Budapest metropolitan area in Danube River (336 samples total). ICMs, benzotriazoles and metamizole degradation products were detected in highest concentration regularly exceeding 100 ng/L. Median concentration of other pharmaceuticals ranged from <1 to 26 ng/L, while pesticides were typically below 10 ng/L. Variability of micropollutant concentration was primarily temporal, exhibiting two different patterns: (1) inverse correlation to river discharge, observed for corrosion inhibitors and carbamazepine (r = -0.505 to -0.665) or (2) inverse correlation to water temperature, observed primarily for ICMs, antihypertensives and antibiotics, r = -0.654 to -0.904). Temperature dependence was also significant after correcting for river discharge. Relative increase of pharmaceuticals was 2-134% after the metropolitan area, partially explained by emission estimates calculated from retail data and metabolization rates. The concentration of five ICMs (iopamidol in 100, iodixanol in 96, diatrizoate in 22, iomeprol in 21 and iohexol 13% of the samples) and two NSAIDs (ibuprofen and diclofenac (in 31.5 and 23% of the samples) exceeded the predicted no environmental effect concentration, posing a risk to algae (HQ = 1.2-6) and fish (HQ = 1.4-1.9), respectively. Results suggest that risk-based monitoring and risk management efforts should focus on ICMs, NSAIDs and industrial chemicals, taking into account that sampling in cold periods and during low flow provides the worst-case estimates.
城市河流承受着来自废水的越来越多的有机微量污染物的负荷，对生态和公共健康构成了威胁。一次性调查可以捕捉到污染概况的快照，但无法揭示空间和时间异质性的全貌。在本研究中，在布达佩斯大都市区上下游的多瑙河监测了 41 种微量污染物（非甾体抗炎药（NSAID）、降压药、抗癫痫药、抗糖尿病药、抗生素、碘造影剂（ICM）、缓蚀剂、农药），每两周监测一次，为期一年（共 336 个样本）。ICM、苯并三唑和甲灭酸降解产物的浓度经常超过 100ng/L，处于最高浓度。其他药物的中位数浓度范围从<1 到 26ng/L，而农药通常低于 10ng/L。微量污染物浓度的变异性主要是时间性的，表现出两种不同的模式：（1）与河流流量呈负相关，缓蚀剂和卡马西平观察到（r=-0.505 至-0.665）或（2）与水温呈负相关，主要观察到 ICM、降压药和抗生素，r=-0.654 至-0.904）。在修正河流流量后，温度依赖性也很显著。大都市地区后，药物的相对增加了 2-134%，部分原因是根据零售数据和代谢率计算得出的排放量估计。五种 ICM（iopamidol 在 100%的样品中，iodixanol 在 96%的样品中，diatrizoate 在 22%的样品中，iomeprol 在 21%的样品中，iohexol 在 13%的样品中）和两种 NSAIDs（ibuprofen 和 diclofenac（在 31.5%和 23%的样品中）超过了预测的无环境影响浓度，对藻类（HQ=1.2-6）和鱼类（HQ=1.4-1.9）构成风险。结果表明，基于风险的监测和风险管理工作应侧重于 ICM、NSAID 和工业化学品，同时考虑到在寒冷时期和低流量期间进行采样可提供最坏情况的估计。
