Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation (PAUSTI), Nairobi, Kenya.
Department of Biology, College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2024 Jul 11;18(7):e0012282. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012282. eCollection 2024 Jul.
The roadmap adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) for eliminating neglected tropical diseases aims to eliminate schistosomiasis, as a public health concern, by 2030. While progress has been made towards reducing schistosomiasis morbidity control in several sub-Saharan African countries, there is still more that needs to be done. Proper surveillance using accurate diagnostics with acceptable sensitivity and specificity is essential for evaluating the success of all efforts against schistosomiasis. Microscopy, despite its low sensitivity, remains the gold standard approach for diagnosing the disease. Although many efforts have been made to develop new diagnostics based on circulating parasite proteins, genetic markers, schistosome egg morphology, and their paramagnetic properties, none has been robust enough to replace microscopy. This review highlights common diagnostic approaches for detecting schistosomiasis in field and clinical settings, major challenges, and provides new and novel opportunities and diagnosis pathways that will be critical in supporting elimination of schistosomiasis.
We searched for relevant and reliable published literature from PubMed, Scopus, google scholar, and Web of science. The search strategies were primarily determined by subtopic, and hence the following words were used (schistosom*, diagnosis, Kato-Katz, antibody test, circulating antigen, POC-CCA, UCP-LF-CAA, molecular diagnostics, nucleic acid amplification test, microfluidics, lab-on a disk, lab-on chip, recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), LAMP, portable sequencer, nanobody test, identical multi-repeat sequences, diagnostic TPPs, REASSURED, extraction free), and Boolean operators AND and/OR were used to refine the searching capacity. Due to the global public health nature of schistosomiasis, we also searched for reliable documents, reports, and research papers published by international health organizations, World Health Organization (WHO), and Center for Disease control and Elimination.
世界卫生组织（WHO）消除被忽视热带病的路线图旨在到 2030 年消除作为公共卫生关注点的血吸虫病。虽然在几个撒哈拉以南非洲国家已经取得了降低血吸虫病发病率控制的进展，但仍有更多的工作需要完成。使用具有可接受敏感性和特异性的准确诊断进行适当监测对于评估所有针对血吸虫病的努力的成功至关重要。尽管敏感性低，但显微镜检查仍然是诊断该疾病的金标准方法。尽管已经做出许多努力来开发基于循环寄生虫蛋白、遗传标记、血吸虫卵形态及其顺磁性的新诊断方法，但没有一种方法强大到足以替代显微镜检查。这篇综述强调了在现场和临床环境中检测血吸虫病的常见诊断方法、主要挑战，并提供了新的和新颖的机会和诊断途径，这些途径对于支持消除血吸虫病至关重要。
我们从 PubMed、Scopus、google scholar 和 Web of science 搜索了相关和可靠的已发表文献。搜索策略主要由子主题决定，因此使用了以下词（schistos*、diagnosis、Kato-Katz、antibody test、circulating antigen、POC-CCA、UCP-LF-CAA、molecular diagnostics、nucleic acid amplification test、microfluidics、lab-on a disk、lab-on chip、recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)、LAMP、portable sequencer、nanobody test、identical multi-repeat sequences、diagnostic TPPs、REASSURED、extraction free），并使用布尔运算符 AND 和/OR 来细化搜索能力。由于血吸虫病的全球公共卫生性质，我们还搜索了国际卫生组织、世界卫生组织和疾病控制与消除中心发布的可靠文件、报告和研究论文。
