International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, India.
One Health Trust, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
PLoS One. 2024 Jul 11;19(7):e0303194. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303194. eCollection 2024.
The impact of ill-health on labour force participation is a well-recognized concern in both developed and developing countries. However, previous studies have often overlooked age differentials in this relationship, assuming uniform effects across age groups. This study aims to fill this gap by examining how ill-health affects labour outcomes among different age segments in India. Utilizing data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) Wave 1, which covers over 72,000 individuals aged 45 and above, this research investigates the linkage between health and labour force outcomes. The labour outcomes in this study includes labour force participation, labour earnings and hours worked. Present study used instrumental variable approach to mitigate endogeneity issues and establish causal relationships between health and labour outcomes. The Heckman selection model is utilized to address selection bias in analysing wage and hours worked. The study reveals several key findings. Firstly, ill-health consistently leads to a decline in labour force participation among both middle-aged (28 percent) and elderly (36 percent) individuals in India. This underscores the pervasive impact of health on workforce engagement, particularly in a context with limited social security measures. Secondly, the research identifies significant variations in the effects of ill-health on wages and hours worked based on age. Among elderly individuals, there is a pronounced reduction in both wages and hours worked due to ill-health. However, this effect is less pronounced among middle-aged adults. Furthermore, socioeconomic factors play a pivotal role in shaping how ill-health influences labour outcomes among different age groups. This study underscores the importance of considering age differentials in the impact of ill-health on labour outcomes, offering valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers seeking to address this critical issue in India's dynamic socio-economic landscape.
健康状况不佳对劳动力参与的影响在发达国家和发展中国家都是一个众所周知的问题。然而，以前的研究往往忽略了这种关系中的年龄差异，假设各年龄组的影响是一致的。本研究旨在通过考察印度不同年龄组的健康状况如何影响劳动力成果，来填补这一空白。本研究利用印度纵向老龄化研究（LASI）第一波的数据，该数据涵盖了超过 72000 名 45 岁及以上的个体，调查了健康与劳动力成果之间的联系。本研究中的劳动力成果包括劳动力参与率、劳动力收入和工作时间。本研究采用工具变量方法来减轻内生性问题，并在健康与劳动力成果之间建立因果关系。Heckman 选择模型用于解决分析工资和工作时间中的选择偏差问题。研究揭示了几个关键发现。首先，健康状况不佳会导致印度中年（28%）和老年（36%）人群的劳动力参与率下降。这突显出健康对劳动力参与的普遍影响，尤其是在社会保障措施有限的情况下。其次，研究根据年龄确定了健康对工资和工作时间的影响存在显著差异。在老年人群中，由于健康状况不佳，工资和工作时间都明显减少。然而，这种影响在中年人群中不太明显。此外，社会经济因素在塑造健康状况对不同年龄组劳动力成果的影响方面起着关键作用。本研究强调了在考虑年龄差异的情况下，健康状况不佳对劳动力成果的影响的重要性，为印度动态社会经济格局中寻求解决这一关键问题的政策制定者、实践者和研究人员提供了有价值的见解。
