Laboratory support in the diagnosis of coagulation disorders.

In spite of recent advances in knowledge concerning the detailed biochemistry of blood coagulation, the diagnosis of haemostatic disturbances remains an important problem of clinical judgement in many instances. Laboratory support relies initially on a series of screening tests designed to investigate the general nature of blood clotting. Recent interest in these aspects is centred on standardization and quality assurance of methods and results. Procedures have been recommended in an attempt to unify data. Several aspects of conventional laboratory investigations have been modified and the reliability of diagnostic information has been improved. Some relatively recent findings have extended the application to coagulation studies. For example, the discovery of protein C, a potent physiological inhibitor of blood coagulation, has clarified the nature of the clotting disorder in some patients with hereditary thrombosis disease. In addition, close analysis of plasma from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus has stimulated interest in the association between the haemostatic, neurological and immunological abnormalities recorded in these patients. More recently, sophisticated techniques for the diagnosis of many coagulation factor defects have been developed. Carrier detection of the sex-linked disorders is undertaken widely with reasonable success and reliable prenatal diagnosis procedures have been established in specialized centres. Unequivocal information regarding the diagnosis of carrier status in some families is obtained by the use of gene analysis and linked polymorphisms. Precise details of the genes for several clotting factors have been recorded. Future development in this field is likely to improve the clinical course of many coagulation disorders.