Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
Nutrients. 2024 Jun 21;16(13):1985. doi: 10.3390/nu16131985.
Natural and synthetic colorants present in food can modulate hemostasis, which includes the coagulation process and blood platelet activation. Some colorants have cardioprotective activity as well. However, the effect of genipin (a natural blue colorant) and synthetic blue colorants (including patent blue V and brilliant blue FCF) on hemostasis is not clear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of three blue colorants-genipin, patent blue V, and brilliant blue FCF-on selected parameters of hemostasis in vitro. The anti- or pro-coagulant potential was assessed in human plasma by measuring the following coagulation times: thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Moreover, we used the Total Thrombus formation Analysis System (T-TAS, PL-chip) to evaluate the anti-platelet potential of the colorants in whole blood. We also measured their effect on the adhesion of washed blood platelets to fibrinogen and collagen. Lastly, the cytotoxicity of the colorants against blood platelets was assessed based on the activity of extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). We observed that genipin (at all concentrations (1-200 µM)) did not have a significant effect on the coagulation times (PT, APTT, and TT). However, genipin at the highest concentration (200 µM) and patent blue V at the concentrations of 1 and 10 µM significantly prolonged the time of occlusion measured using the T-TAS, which demonstrated their anti-platelet activity. We also observed that genipin decreased the adhesion of platelets to fibrinogen and collagen. Only patent blue V and brilliant blue FCF significantly shortened the APTT (at the concentration of 10 µM) and TT (at concentrations of 1 and 10 µM), demonstrating pro-coagulant activity. These synthetic blue colorants also modulated the process of human blood platelet adhesion, stimulating the adhesion to fibrinogen and inhibiting the adhesion to collagen. The results demonstrate that genipin is not toxic. In addition, because of its ability to reduce blood platelet activation, genipin holds promise as a novel and valuable agent that improves the health of the cardiovascular system and reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanism of its anti-platelet activity remains unclear and requires further studies. Its in vivo activity and interaction with various anti-coagulant and anti-thrombotic drugs, including aspirin and its derivatives, should be examined as well.
天然和合成的食用色素可以调节止血，包括凝血过程和血小板激活。一些色素也具有心脏保护活性。然而，京尼平（一种天然蓝色色素）和合成蓝色色素（包括专利蓝 V 和亮蓝 FCF）对止血的影响尚不清楚。在这项研究中，我们旨在研究三种蓝色色素——京尼平、专利蓝 V 和亮蓝 FCF——对体外止血的某些参数的影响。通过测量凝血酶时间（TT）、凝血酶原时间（PT）和活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）来评估抗凝血或促凝血潜能。此外，我们使用全血血栓形成总分析系统（T-TAS，PL-chip）评估色素的抗血小板潜力。我们还测量了它们对清洗后的血小板与纤维蛋白原和胶原蛋白粘附的影响。最后，根据细胞外乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的活性评估色素对血小板的细胞毒性。我们观察到京尼平（在所有浓度（1-200 μM））对凝血时间（PT、APTT 和 TT）没有显著影响。然而，京尼平在最高浓度（200 μM）和专利蓝 V 在 1 和 10 μM 浓度下显著延长了 T-TAS 测量的闭塞时间，证明了它们的抗血小板活性。我们还观察到京尼平降低了血小板与纤维蛋白原和胶原蛋白的粘附。只有专利蓝 V 和亮蓝 FCF 显著缩短了 APTT（在 10 μM 浓度下）和 TT（在 1 和 10 μM 浓度下），证明了促凝血活性。这些合成蓝色色素还调节了人类血小板粘附的过程，刺激与纤维蛋白原的粘附并抑制与胶原蛋白的粘附。结果表明京尼平没有毒性。此外，由于其降低血小板激活的能力，京尼平有望成为一种新的有价值的药物，可改善心血管系统的健康并降低心血管疾病的风险。然而，其抗血小板活性的机制尚不清楚，需要进一步研究。还应该检查其体内活性及其与各种抗凝和抗血栓药物（包括阿司匹林及其衍生物）的相互作用。
