Anderson W F
J Med Philos. 1985 Aug;10(3):275-91. doi: 10.1093/jmp/10.3.275.
The term 'gene therapy' encompasses at least four types of application of genetic engineering for the insertion of genes into humans. The scientific requirements and the ethical issues associated with each type are discussed. Somatic cell gene therapy is technically the simplest and ethically the least controversial. The first clinical trials will probably be undertaken within the next year. Germ line gene therapy will require major advances in our present knowledge and it raises ethical issues that are now being debated. In order to provide guidelines for determining when germ line gene therapy would be ethical, the author presents three criteria which should be satisfied prior to the time that a clinical protocol is attempted in humans. Enhancement genetic engineering presents significant, and troubling, ethical concerns. Except where this type of therapy can be justified on the grounds of preventive medicine, enhancement engineering should not be performed. The fourth type, eugenic genetic engineering, is impossible at present and will probably remain so for the foreseeable future, despite the widespread media attention it has received.
“基因治疗”一词至少涵盖了四种将基因导入人体的基因工程应用类型。文中讨论了每种类型相关的科学要求和伦理问题。体细胞基因治疗在技术上是最简单的，在伦理上争议也最小。首批临床试验可能会在明年内开展。生殖系基因治疗需要我们目前的知识取得重大进展，并且引发了正在讨论的伦理问题。为了提供指导方针，以确定何时生殖系基因治疗在伦理上是合理的，作者提出了三条标准，在尝试在人体中开展临床方案之前应满足这些标准。增强型基因工程引发了重大且令人困扰的伦理问题。除非基于预防医学的理由能证明这种治疗是合理的，否则不应进行增强型工程。第四种类型，即优生基因工程，目前是不可能实现的，并且在可预见的未来可能仍将如此，尽管它受到了媒体的广泛关注。
