Service of Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Biodiversity Research Institute (CSIC -University of Oviedo - Principality of Asturias), Spanish National Research Council, Mieres Campus, Research Building, 33600, Mieres, Asturias, Spain.
Service of Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Toxicology and Risk Assessment Research Group, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, University of Murcia, 30120 El Palmar, Spain.
Environ Pollut. 2024 Oct 1;358:124530. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124530. Epub 2024 Jul 14.
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are one of the most toxic groups of compounds currently used worldwide for rodent pest control. Toxic baits are often, directly or indirectly, ingested by non-target animals, resulting in secondary poisoning and frequently affecting apex predators. Their presence in many species of raptors is quite common, particularly scavenger species, with some of these acting as sentinels for the presence of these substances in the environment. However, there is less data on the presence of ARs in Bonelli's eagle, one of the most endangered eagle species in Spain and which is experiencing a negative population trend in Europe. This medium-sized eagle feeds predominantly on live species, and rarely consumes carrion. In this study, 17 carcasses of Bonelli's eagles from the Eastern Spain were necropsied. Both first and second generation ARs in their livers were analyzed by HPLC-MS-TOF revealing that all the eagles studied had been exposed to at least 5 ARs, out of a total of 10 ARs analyzed, with 7 being the highest number of ARs detected in a sample. Second generation ARs were the most prevalent, particularly bromadiolone and brodifacoum, with the highest concentrations in 94% of the cases. More than a third of the eagles presented a liver concentration of greater than 200 ng/g ARs, suggesting AR poisoning. The elevated presence of these compounds in Bonelli's eagles could be a new cause of mortality for this species or could explain other causes of death, such as the increased mortality in power lines, and should be taken into account for their conservation. At the same time, the presence of these compounds in the environment also represents a risk to public health, as the most frequent species in the diet of Bonelli's eagle (rabbits and partridges) are also hunted and consumed by hunters and their families.
抗凝血灭鼠剂（ARs）是目前全球范围内用于控制鼠害的最毒化合物之一。有毒诱饵经常直接或间接地被非目标动物摄入，导致二次中毒，经常影响顶级捕食者。它们在许多猛禽物种中很常见，特别是食腐动物，其中一些物种作为这些物质在环境中存在的哨兵。然而，关于抗凝血灭鼠剂在西班牙最濒危的鹰种之一—— 普通鵟中存在的数据较少，而普通鵟在欧洲的数量呈负增长趋势。这种中型鹰主要以活体物种为食，很少食用腐肉。在这项研究中，对来自西班牙东部的 17 只普通鵟的尸体进行了剖检。通过高效液相色谱-串联质谱飞行时间（HPLC-MS-TOF）分析了它们肝脏中的第一代和第二代抗凝血灭鼠剂，结果表明，在所研究的所有鹰中，至少有 5 种抗凝血灭鼠剂，总共分析了 10 种抗凝血灭鼠剂，在一个样本中检测到的抗凝血灭鼠剂的最高数量为 7 种。第二代抗凝血灭鼠剂最为普遍，特别是溴敌隆和溴鼠灵，在 94%的情况下浓度最高。超过三分之一的鹰肝脏中抗凝血灭鼠剂浓度大于 200 ng/g，表明存在抗凝血灭鼠剂中毒。这些化合物在普通鵟中的大量存在可能是该物种新的死亡原因，也可能解释了其他死亡原因，如在高压电线上死亡率增加，应考虑将其纳入保护范围。与此同时，这些化合物在环境中的存在也对公共健康构成了威胁，因为普通鵟饮食中最常见的物种（兔子和鹧鸪）也是猎人及其家人的狩猎和食用对象。
