Neuronal Mechanism for Critical Period Unit, OIST Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.
Front Neural Circuits. 2024 Jul 1;18:1431119. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2024.1431119. eCollection 2024.
Memory-guided motor shaping is necessary for sensorimotor learning. Vocal learning, such as speech development in human babies and song learning in bird juveniles, begins with the formation of an auditory template by hearing adult voices followed by vocally matching to the memorized template using auditory feedback. In zebra finches, the widely used songbird model system, only males develop individually unique stereotyped songs. The production of normal songs relies on auditory experience of tutor's songs (commonly their father's songs) during a critical period in development that consists of orchestrated auditory and sensorimotor phases. "Auditory templates" of tutor songs are thought to form in the brain to guide later vocal learning, while formation of "motor templates" of own song has been suggested to be necessary for the maintenance of stereotyped adult songs. Where these templates are formed in the brain and how they interact with other brain areas to guide song learning, presumably with template-matching error correction, remains to be clarified. Here, we review and discuss studies on auditory and motor templates in the avian brain. We suggest that distinct auditory and motor template systems exist that switch their functions during development.
记忆引导的运动塑造对于感觉运动学习是必要的。声音学习，如人类婴儿的言语发展和鸟类幼体的歌唱学习，首先是通过听觉感知成年声音形成听觉模板，然后通过听觉反馈与记忆模板进行声音匹配。在斑胸草雀中，作为广泛使用的鸣禽模型系统，只有雄性发展出个体独特的刻板歌曲。正常歌曲的产生依赖于在发育的关键时期对导师歌曲（通常是其父亲的歌曲）的听觉体验，该时期由协调的听觉和运动感觉阶段组成。导师歌曲的“听觉模板”被认为在大脑中形成，以指导以后的声音学习，而自己歌曲的“运动模板”的形成被认为对于维持刻板的成年歌曲是必要的。这些模板在大脑中的形成位置以及它们如何与其他大脑区域相互作用以指导歌唱学习，大概包括模板匹配错误的纠正，仍有待阐明。在这里，我们回顾和讨论了鸟类大脑中的听觉和运动模板的研究。我们建议存在不同的听觉和运动模板系统，它们在发育过程中切换功能。
