Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica.
Environ Monit Assess. 2024 Jul 16;196(8):739. doi: 10.1007/s10661-024-12872-z.
Pharmaceuticals are considered as contaminants of emerging concern, and their occurrence in diverse environmental matrices has been described during the last 25 years. Nonetheless, pharmaceutical occurrence has not been evenly described worldwide, and reports from some geographical areas such as most parts of Latin America are scarce. This work aims to address the situation of water pollution due to pharmaceuticals in Latin America by means of two main goals: i. First, reviewing the monitoring studies performed in Latin America on this topic (period 2009-2024), which were conducted in Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Argentina, to highlight the most frequently detected compounds from each therapeutic group in the region. ii. Second, analyzing the case of Costa Rica through the hazard assessment and prioritization of pharmaceuticals based on the monitoring performed in this country (years 2011; 2018-2019). The monitoring in Costa Rica comprised a total of 163 sampling points: wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (14 urban WWTPs plus two landfill WWTPs; total samples n = 44 influents and n = 34 effluents), nine hospital effluents (n = 32), wastewater from livestock farms (six swine farms and seven dairy farms; n = 23 influents and n = 37 effluents), 64 continental surface water sampling points (n = 137), and 61 coastal seawater sampling points (n = 61). Risk assessment of detected concentrations by the hazard quotient (HQ) approach (period 2018-2019) revealed a total of 25 medium or high-hazard compounds (out of 37 detected compounds). The prioritization approach (which included the Frequency of Appearance (FoA), the Frequency of PNEC exceedance (FoE), and the Extent of predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) exceedance (EoE)), showed a critical list of nine pharmaceuticals: caffeine, diphenhydramine, acetaminophen, lovastatin, gemfibrozil, ciprofloxacin, ibuprofen, doxycycline and norfloxacin. These compounds should be taken into account as a first concern during the implementation of environmental policies related to pharmaceutical products in the region.
药品被认为是新兴关注污染物，在过去 25 年中，已在多种环境基质中发现了它们的存在。尽管如此，全球范围内对药品的存在情况并未进行均衡描述，而且来自拉丁美洲大部分地区等一些地理区域的报告很少。本工作旨在通过两个主要目标来解决拉丁美洲因药品造成的水污染问题：i. 首先，回顾 2009-2024 年期间在拉丁美洲进行的关于这一主题的监测研究，这些研究在巴西、墨西哥、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔、秘鲁和阿根廷进行，以突出该地区每个治疗组中最常检测到的化合物。ii. 其次，通过基于在该国进行的监测对哥斯达黎加的情况进行危险评估和药品优先级排序。哥斯达黎加的监测共包括 163 个采样点：污水处理厂（WWTP）（14 个城市 WWTP 加 2 个垃圾填埋场 WWTP；总样本数 n=44 个进水和 n=34 个出水）、9 个医院废水（n=32）、牲畜养殖场废水（6 个养猪场和 7 个奶牛场；n=23 个进水和 n=37 个出水）、64 个大陆地表水采样点（n=137）和 61 个沿海海水采样点（n=61）。通过危害系数（HQ）方法进行的检测浓度风险评估（2018-2019 年期间）显示，共有 25 种中等或高危害化合物（在 37 种检测化合物中）。优先排序方法（包括出现频率（FoA）、预测无效应浓度（PNEC）超标频率（FoE）和超标程度（EoE）），显示了九种关键药品清单：咖啡因、苯海拉明、对乙酰氨基酚、洛伐他汀、吉非贝齐、环丙沙星、布洛芬、多西环素和诺氟沙星。在该地区实施与药品相关的环境政策时，应将这些化合物作为首要关注对象。
