School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, PB 1190 Sentrum, 0107, Oslo, Norway.
Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
Sports Med. 2024 Nov;54(11):2935-2953. doi: 10.1007/s40279-024-02067-4. Epub 2024 Jul 16.
Our scientific understanding of the mechanistic and practical connections between training session prescriptions, their execution by athletes, and adaptations over time in elite endurance sports remains limited. These connections are fundamental to the art and science of coaching.
By using successful Norwegian endurance coaches as key informants, the aim of this study is to describe and compare best practice session models across different exercise intensities in Olympic endurance sports.
Data collection was based on a four-step pragmatic qualitative study design, involving questionnaires, training logs from successful athletes, and in-depth and semi-structured interviews, followed by negotiation among researchers and coaches to assure our interpretations. Twelve successful and experienced male Norwegian coaches from biathlon, cross-country skiing, long-distance running, road cycling, rowing, speed skating, swimming, and triathlon were chosen as key informants. They had been responsible for the training of world-class endurance athletes who altogether have won > 370 medals in international championships.
The duration of low-intensity training (LIT) sessions ranges from 30 min to 7 h across sports, mainly due to modality-specific constraints and load tolerance considerations. Cross-training accounts for a considerable part of LIT sessions in several sports. Moderate (MIT)- and high-intensity training (HIT) sessions are mainly conducted as intervals in specific modalities, but competitions also account for a large proportion of annual HIT in most sports. Interval sessions are characterized by a high accumulated volume, a progressive increase in intensity throughout the session, and a controlled, rather than exhaustive, execution approach. A clear trend towards shorter intervals and lower work: rest ratio with increasing intensity was observed. Overall, the analyzed sports implement considerably more MIT than HIT sessions across the annual cycle.
This study provides novel insights on quantitative and qualitative aspects of training session models across intensities employed by successful athletes in Olympic endurance sports. The interval training sessions revealed in this study are generally more voluminous, more controlled, and less exhaustive than most previous recommendations outlined in research literature.
我们对训练课的规定、运动员的执行情况以及精英耐力运动中随时间的适应之间的机械和实际联系的科学理解仍然有限。这些联系是教练艺术和科学的基础。
本研究使用成功的挪威耐力教练作为主要信息来源，旨在描述和比较奥林匹克耐力运动中不同运动强度下的最佳实践课模式。
数据收集基于四步实用定性研究设计，包括问卷、成功运动员的训练日志以及深入和半结构化访谈，然后研究人员和教练之间进行协商以确保我们的解释。选择了 12 名来自冬季两项、越野滑雪、长跑、公路自行车、赛艇、速度滑冰、游泳和三项全能的成功且经验丰富的挪威男性教练作为主要信息来源。他们负责训练世界级耐力运动员，这些运动员共获得了 370 多枚国际锦标赛奖牌。
低强度训练 (LIT) 课程的持续时间因运动而异，从 30 分钟到 7 小时不等，主要是由于模式特定的限制和负荷耐受考虑。在几种运动中，交叉训练占 LIT 课程的很大一部分。中强度 (MIT) 和高强度训练 (HIT) 课程主要以特定模式的间歇进行，但在大多数运动中，比赛也占 HIT 的很大一部分。间歇课程的特点是累积量高，整个课程强度逐渐增加，执行方法是可控的，而不是精疲力竭的。随着强度的增加，观察到间歇时间明显缩短，工作与休息的比例降低。总体而言，在所分析的运动中，整个年度周期中实施的 MIT 比 HIT 课程多得多。
本研究提供了有关成功运动员在奥林匹克耐力运动中使用的不同强度训练课模式的定量和定性方面的新见解。本研究中揭示的间歇训练课程通常比研究文献中概述的大多数先前建议更具体积、更可控、更不易精疲力竭。
