Putranto Aditya Wisnu, Meidyawati Ratna, Dwiseptyoga Senyan, Zikrullah Dicky Yudha Andhika
Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Eur J Dent. 2025 Feb;19(1):187-196. doi: 10.1055/s-0044-1786864. Epub 2024 Jul 16.
The aim of this article was to evaluate the effects of modifying glass ionomer cement (GIC) with carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) on surface morphology and remineralization outcomes by examining dentin morphology and calcium ion composition changes.
Thirty holes in a cylindrical acrylic mold were filled with three groups of restorative materials: GIC, GIC modified with CMC (GIC-CMC) 5%, and GIC-CMC10%. The surface morphology of each group's materials was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The compressive strength measurement was performed using a universal testing machine. The dentin remineralization process was performed by applying GIC, GIC-CMC5%, and GIC-CMC10% materials for 14 days on demineralized dentin cavities treated with 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 7 days. A morphological evaluation was conducted using SEM. The calcium ion composition and calcium-to-phosphorous (Ca/P) ratio were examined using an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX).
The one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni test were used to evaluate the compressive strength within the three groups ( < 0.05). The Kruskal-Wallis and subsequent Mann-Whitney U tests were conducted to compare the four groups of calcium ions ( < 0.05).
The modification of GIC with CMC affected the morphological changes in the materials in the form of reduced porosity and increased fractures. A significant difference was found in compressive strength between the GIC-CMC modification materials of GIC-CMC5% and GIC-CMC10% and the GIC control group. The dentin tubule morphology and surface changes were observed after applying GIC, GIC-CMC5%, and GIC-CMC10% materials for 14 days, as evaluated by SEM. The EDX examination showed an increase in calcium ion content and hydroxyapatite formation (Ca/P ratio) after applying the GIC-CMC10% material.
The surface porosity of the GIC modification material with the addition of CMC tended to decrease. However, an increase in cracked surfaces that widened, along with the rise in CMC percentage, was found. This modification also reduced the compressive strength of the materials, with the lowest average yield at 10% CMC addition. Therefore, the modification of GIC with CMC affects changes in morphology, calcium ion composition, and Ca/P ratio in demineralized dentin.
本文旨在通过检查牙本质形态和钙离子组成变化，评估用羧甲基壳聚糖（CMC）改性玻璃离子水门汀（GIC）对表面形态和再矿化结果的影响。
在圆柱形丙烯酸模具上钻30个孔，分别填充三组修复材料：GIC、5% CMC改性的GIC（GIC-CMC）和10% CMC改性的GIC（GIC-CMC10%）。使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察每组材料的表面形态。使用万能试验机进行抗压强度测量。通过在经17%乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）处理7天的脱矿牙本质洞中应用GIC、GIC-CMC5%和GIC-CMC10%材料14天来进行牙本质再矿化过程。使用SEM进行形态学评估。使用能量色散X射线（EDX）检查钙离子组成和钙磷（Ca/P）比。
采用单向方差分析和事后Bonferroni检验评估三组内的抗压强度（<0.05）。进行Kruskal-Wallis检验及随后的Mann-Whitney U检验以比较四组钙离子（<0.05）。
用CMC对GIC进行改性影响了材料的形态变化，表现为孔隙率降低和裂缝增加。在GIC-CMC5%和GIC-CMC10%的GIC-CMC改性材料与GIC对照组之间，抗压强度存在显著差异。通过SEM评估，在应用GIC、GIC-CMC5%和GIC-CMC10%材料14天后观察到牙本质小管形态和表面变化。EDX检查显示，应用GIC-CMC10%材料后钙离子含量增加且形成了羟基磷灰石（Ca/P比）。
添加CMC的GIC改性材料的表面孔隙率有降低趋势。然而，发现随着CMC百分比的增加，裂纹表面增多且变宽。这种改性还降低了材料的抗压强度，在添加10% CMC时平均屈服强度最低。因此，用CMC对GIC进行改性会影响脱矿牙本质的形态变化、钙离子组成和Ca/P比。
