Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
Sci Rep. 2024 Jul 16;14(1):16395. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-58304-3.
The concept of a standardized reference diet (SRD) is used in laboratory model organisms to ensure nutritional control between studies and laboratories. Although models using the genetically identical, all female parthenogenetic marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis) are growing in popularity, research into nutrition in this species still has many knowledge gaps. To fast track the development of a SRD in terms of protein and amino acids (SRD) for this species, we first analyzed the composition of its body amino acids to determine the ideal protein concept (IPC) of indispensable amino acids in wild-caught P. virginalis (which had an unusually high preponderance of leucine and arginine). Then, we strategically evaluated three common clusters of types of fish feed: (1) ornamental fish feed (SER) fortified with a naturally occurring alga (Spirulina). This type of feed was protein-high in arginine and leucine (SER + SPI) that fulfils the species' IPC for iso-protein (~ 40%), iso-phosphorus (~ 0.8%) and near iso-energetic (~ 475 kcal 100 g); (2) freeze-dried live feed consisting of chironomid larvae (CHI) fortified with Spirulina (CHI + SPI) that fulfils the IPC for iso-protein (~ 46%), iso-phosphorus (~ 0.7%) and near iso-energetic (~ 405 kcal 100 g); and (3) a commercially standardized 'starter diet' for carnivorous fish larvae (FISH) and post-larval shrimps (SHRIMP) with iso-protein (~ 56%) and iso-phosphorus (~ 1.6%). A total of six diets, embracing a diverse range of proteinaceous feeds, were used in a 100-day ad libitum feeding and growth trial. The FISH group outperformed all the other groups (p < 0.05) and our exploratory multivariate analysis revealed an ideal demand of > 44% protein (tailored to deliver high arginine 3% and leucine 4%, followed by the usual lysine > 3.5% and methionine 1.2%) but also the lowest carbohydrate level (21%). For SRD, our findings show that the FISH diet is ideal and suggest the possibilities of using a CHI + SPI diet for further optimization (more economic use of protein and phosphorus).
标准化参考饮食（SRD）的概念用于实验室模式生物，以确保研究和实验室之间的营养控制。尽管使用遗传上完全相同的、全部为雌性孤雌生殖大理石蟹（Procambarus virginalis）的模型越来越受欢迎，但该物种的营养研究仍存在许多知识空白。为了加快该物种蛋白质和氨基酸的 SRD（SRD）的发展，我们首先分析了其身体氨基酸的组成，以确定野生捕获的 P. virginalis 的理想蛋白质概念（IPC），其中亮氨酸和精氨酸的比例异常高。然后，我们战略性地评估了三种常见类型的鱼饲料：（1）强化天然藻类（螺旋藻）的观赏鱼饲料（SER）。这种饲料的精氨酸和亮氨酸含量很高（SER+SPI），满足了该物种的等蛋白（40%）、等磷（0.8%）和近等能（475 kcal 100 g）的 IPC；（2）由富含螺旋藻的摇蚊幼虫（CHI）制成的冻干活饲料（CHI+SPI），满足了等蛋白（46%）、等磷（0.7%）和近等能（405 kcal 100 g）的 IPC；（3）一种商业化标准化的肉食性鱼类幼虫（FISH）和幼虾（SHRIMP）的“起始饲料”，具有等蛋白（56%）和等磷（1.6%）。在 100 天的自由喂食和生长试验中，使用了总共六种饲料，涵盖了多种蛋白质饲料。FISH 组的表现优于其他所有组（p<0.05），我们的探索性多元分析显示，理想的需求>44%的蛋白质（专门用于提供高精氨酸 3%和亮氨酸 4%，其次是通常的赖氨酸>3.5%和蛋氨酸 1.2%），但碳水化合物水平最低（21%）。对于 SRD，我们的研究结果表明，FISH 饮食是理想的，并提出了使用 CHI+SPI 饮食进行进一步优化的可能性（更经济地使用蛋白质和磷）。
