Nuclear Radiation Management and Application Division, Defence Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Jodhpur 342011, India.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2024 Jul 17;200(11-12):989-993. doi: 10.1093/rpd/ncad319.
Radiation dosimetry is an important task for assessing the biological damages created in human being due to ionising radiation exposure. Ionising radiation being invisible and beyond the perception of human natural sensors, the dosimetry equipments/systems are the utmost requirement for its measurement. Retrospective measurement of radiation doses is a challenging task as conventional radiation dosemeters are not available at the exposure site. The material/s in close proximity of exposed individual or individuals' biological samples may be used as retrospective radiation sensor for dosimetry purpose. Environment materials such as sand, bricks, ceramics, sand stones, quartz, feldspar, glasses and electronic chips have been utilised using TL (Thermoluminescence) techniques for retrospective gamma dose (min 10 cGy) measurement. Electron Spin Resonance techniques have been employed to human biological samples such as tooth enamel, bones, nails, hair, etc. and reported for dosimetry for ~20 cGy min dose measurement. Some commercial glasses have been found sensitive enough to measure the minimum gamma doses of the order of 100 cGy using TL techniques. For internal retrospective dosimetry, the radioactivity contamination assessment in food items, water, other edible product and ambient air are the prerequisites. The radioactivity concentration vis-à-vis their consumption rate may help in controlling the internal contamination and estimation of dose absorption in human body. Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur has been working extensively on the dosimetry techniques for external dose measurement using environmental material and developed portable contamination monitoring systems for food and water radioactivity measurement in the range of 50 Bq kg-1 to 1000 kBq kg-1 in 60 s measurement time. The recent research and development in the methodologies, equipments and systems undertaken towards capacity building and self-reliance in retrospective radiation dosimetry is reported in this paper.
辐射剂量学是评估人类因电离辐射暴露而产生的生物损伤的重要任务。由于电离辐射是不可见的，超出了人类自然传感器的感知范围，因此剂量测量设备/系统是其测量的最基本要求。由于在暴露现场无法获得常规辐射剂量计，因此对辐射剂量进行回顾性测量是一项具有挑战性的任务。暴露个体或个体生物样本附近的材料/物质可作为剂量测量的回顾性辐射传感器。利用 TL（热释光）技术，已经使用环境材料（如沙子、砖块、陶瓷、砂石、石英、长石、玻璃和电子芯片）对回顾性伽马剂量（最小 10 cGy）进行了测量。电子自旋共振技术已被用于人类生物样本，如牙釉质、骨骼、指甲、头发等，并已被报道用于剂量测量，测量值约为 20 cGy min。已经发现一些商业玻璃足够灵敏，可以使用 TL 技术测量 100 cGy 左右的最小伽马剂量。对于内部回顾性剂量测量，食品、水、其他可食用产品和环境空气中的放射性污染评估是先决条件。放射性浓度与其消耗率的关系可能有助于控制内部污染和估计人体对剂量的吸收。焦特布尔国防实验室一直在广泛研究使用环境材料进行外部剂量测量的剂量学技术，并开发了用于食品和水放射性测量的便携式污染监测系统，其测量范围为 50 Bq kg-1 至 1000 kBq kg-1，测量时间为 60 秒。本文报告了在回顾性辐射剂量学方面为能力建设和自力更生而进行的方法、设备和系统的最新研究和开发。
