Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances removal from landfill leachate by a planting unit via interactions between foamed glass and Typha domingensis.

Sustainable removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from landfill leachate remains a pressing global challenge. To develop an effective PFAS removal technology that utilizes nature-based solutions, we considered a planting unit comprised of a microbial carrier (foamed glass) and Typha domingensis. This study evaluated the possibility of removing PFAS from landfill leachate using a planting unit through a pot experiment. The planting unit effectively removed various short- and long-chain PFAS from the landfill leachate, including perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs [C4-C10]), perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs [C4, C6, and C8]), fluorotelomer carboxylic acids (FTCAs [5:3 and 7:3]), and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (FTS), with initial concentrations of 43-9100 ng L, achieving a removal efficiency of 53-83% in 21 d. Mass balance analysis indicated that the contribution of accumulation on foamed glass and plant adsorption and uptake played no major role in the removal of PFCAs (C4-C9), PFSAs (C4), and FTCAs (5:3 and 7:3), and that other removal processes played a key role. Although not the most effective removal process, the contribution of accumulation on foamed glass tended to be more notable in the removal of longer-chain PFCAs. In addition, plant adsorption and uptake showed that longer-chain PFCAs were more likely to remain in roots, whereas shorter-chain PFCAs were more likely to be transferred to aboveground plant part. On the other hand, 6:2 FTS removal occurred primarily due to accumulation on foamed glass. These results suggest that differences in the physicochemical properties of PFAS affect removal mechanisms. This study provides valuable insights into development of environmentally friendly technologies capable of removing a variety of short- and long-chain PFAS.