Ezeigwe Nnenna M, Adinma Echendu D, Okobia Efegbidiki L, Schwander Stephan
Environment for Health Development Initiative (E4HDI), Abuja, Nigeria.
Department of Community Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria.
Niger Med J. 2024 Jun 20;65(3):276-291. doi: 10.60787/nmj-v65i3-383. eCollection 2024 May-Jun.
Air pollution from vehicular emission and other sources accounts for over seven million global deaths annually and contributes significantly to environmental degradation, including climate change. Vehicular emission is not prioritized for control in Nigeria, thus undermining public health and the Sustainable Development Goals 3, 11 and 13. This study aims to characterize vehicular emissions in Abuja municipality and quantify exhaust air pollutants of commonly used vehicles.
Cross-sectional exhaust emissions study of vehicles in Abuja Municipal Area Council. Information on the type and age, fuel type, purchase and use category of 543 vehicles on routine Annual Road Worthiness Test at the Computerized Test Center, Abuja. Exhaust levels of CO, CO HCHO and PM were measured using hand-held devices. IBM SPSS version 26.0.0.0 (2019) statistical software.
Toyota brand comprised 52.5% of the vehicles. Over 80% were older than 10 years; 85.5% preowned and 87.3% used for private purposes. PMS was the dominant fuel used (91.1%). Except PM, older vehicles emitted higher levels of the measured pollutants than newer ones. The differences were significant for CO and HCHO. Diesel-fueled and commercial vehicles also emitted higher levels of CO, HCHO and PM compared to PMS-fueled and private vehicles respectively.
Strong regulatory policies that discourage over-aged vehicles; speedy adoption of the ECOWAS guidelines on cleaner fuels and emission limits; and coordinated implementation of effective Inspection & Monitoring programme by relevant government agencies are required to safeguard public health and the environment. We also recommend the introduction of vehicles powered by alternative energy, use of bicycles, designation of one-way traffic and pedestrian zones.
Reducing the threats to the public's health from vehicular air pollution in Abuja municipality requires strong policy and coordinated monitoring programs for effective control.
车辆排放及其他来源的空气污染每年在全球导致超过700万人死亡，并对包括气候变化在内的环境退化有重大影响。在尼日利亚，车辆排放未被列为优先控制对象，从而损害了公众健康以及可持续发展目标3、11和13。本研究旨在描述阿布贾市的车辆排放特征，并量化常用车辆的废气污染物。
对阿布贾市辖区委员会的车辆进行横断面废气排放研究。在阿布贾计算机化测试中心，获取了543辆接受常规年度道路适用性测试车辆的类型、使用年限、燃料类型、购买及使用类别等信息。使用手持式设备测量一氧化碳（CO）、甲醛（HCHO）和颗粒物（PM）的废气水平。采用IBM SPSS 26.0.0.0（2019）统计软件。
丰田品牌的车辆占52.5%。超过80%的车辆使用年限超过10年；85.5%为二手车，87.3%用于私人用途。汽油（PMS）是主要使用的燃料（91.1%）。除颗粒物外，旧车排放的被测污染物水平高于新车。一氧化碳和甲醛的差异显著。柴油车和商用车排放的一氧化碳、甲醛和颗粒物水平分别高于汽油车和私家车。
需要出台强有力的监管政策，淘汰老旧车辆；迅速采用西非国家经济共同体（ECOWAS）关于清洁燃料和排放限值的指导方针；相关政府机构协调实施有效的检查和监测计划，以保障公众健康和环境。我们还建议引入新能源车辆、使用自行车、设置单向交通和行人专用区。
减少阿布贾市车辆空气污染对公众健康的威胁需要强有力的政策和协调的监测计划以实现有效控制。
