School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Institute for Transport Studies, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Sep 10;734:139416. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139416. Epub 2020 May 13.
This paper reports upon and analyses vehicle emissions measured by the Emissions Detecting and Reporting (EDAR) system, a Vehicle Emissions Remote Sensing System (VERSS) type device, used in five UK based field campaigns in 2016 and 2017. In total 94,940 measurements were made of 75,622 individual vehicles during the five campaigns. The measurements are subset into vehicle type (bus, car, HGV, minibus, motorcycle, other, plant, taxi, van, and unknown), fuel type for car (petrol and diesel), and EURO class, and particulate matter (PM), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO) are reported. In terms of recent EURO class emission trends, NO and NO emissions decrease from EURO 5 to EURO 6 for nearly all vehicle categories. Interestingly, taxis show a marked increase in NO emissions from EURO 5 to EURO 6. Perhaps most concerningly is a marked increase in PM emissions from EURO 5 to EURO 6 for HGVs. Another noteworthy observation was that vans, buses and HGVs of unknown EURO class were often the dirtiest vehicles in their classes, suggesting that where counts of such vehicles are high, they will likely make a significant contribution to local emissions. Using Vehicle Specific Power (VSP) weighting we provide an indication of the magnitude of the on-site VERSS bias and also a closer estimate of the regulatory test/on-road emissions differences. Finally, a new 'EURO Updating Potential' (EUP) factor is introduced, to assess the effect of a range of air pollutant emissions restricted zones either currently in use or marked for future introduction. In particular, the effects of the London based Low Emission Zone (LEZ) and Ultra-Low Emissions Zone (ULEZ), and the proposed Birmingham based Clean Air Zone (CAZ) are estimated. With the current vehicle fleet, the impacts of the ULEZ and CAZ will be far more significant than the LEZ, which was introduced in 2008.
本文报告并分析了 2016 年和 2017 年在英国进行的五次现场活动中使用的排放检测和报告（EDAR）系统（一种车辆排放遥测系统（VERSS）类型设备）测量的车辆排放。在五次活动中，共对 75622 辆单独车辆进行了 94940 次测量。这些测量结果分为车辆类型（公共汽车、轿车、重型货车、小型客车、摩托车、其他、工厂、出租车、厢式货车和未知）、汽车燃料类型（汽油和柴油）和 EURO 等级以及颗粒物（PM）、一氧化氮（NO）和二氧化氮（NO）。就最近的 EURO 等级排放趋势而言，几乎所有车辆类别从 EURO 5 到 EURO 6 的 NO 和 NO 排放都有所减少。有趣的是，出租车从 EURO 5 到 EURO 6 的 NO 排放明显增加。也许最令人担忧的是，HGV 从 EURO 5 到 EURO 6 的 PM 排放明显增加。另一个值得注意的观察结果是，未知 EURO 等级的厢式货车、公共汽车和重型货车通常是其所在类别的最脏车辆，这表明在这些车辆数量较高的情况下，它们很可能对当地排放做出重大贡献。使用车辆特定功率（VSP）加权，我们提供了 VERSS 现场偏差的幅度指示，并更接近估计监管测试/道路排放差异。最后，引入了一个新的“EURO 更新潜力”（EUP）因素，以评估目前正在使用或计划未来引入的一系列空气污染物排放限制区的效果。特别是，估计了基于伦敦的低排放区（LEZ）和超低排放区（ULEZ）以及拟议的伯明翰清洁空气区（CAZ）的影响。考虑到当前的车辆保有量，ULEZ 和 CAZ 的影响将远远超过 2008 年引入的 LEZ。
