Hum Antibodies. 2024;32(4):151-167. doi: 10.3233/HAB-240011.
Free radicals are small extremely reactive species that have unpaired electrons. Free radicals include subgroups of reactive species, which are all a product of regular cellular metabolism. Oxidative stress happens when the free radicals production exceeds the capacity of the antioxidant system in the body's cells.
The current review clarifies the prospective role of antioxidants in the inhibition and healing of diseases.
Information on oxidative stress, free radicals, reactive oxidant species, and natural and synthetic antioxidants was obtained by searching electronic databases like PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct, with articles published between 1987 and 2023 being included in this review.
Free radicals exhibit a dual role in living systems. They are toxic byproducts of aerobic metabolism that lead to oxidative injury and tissue disorders and act as signals to activate appropriate stress responses. Endogenous and exogenous sources of reactive oxygen species are discussed in this review. Oxidative stress is a component of numerous diseases, including diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cancer. Although various small molecules assessed as antioxidants have shown therapeutic prospects in preclinical studies, clinical trial outcomes have been inadequate. Understanding the mechanisms through which antioxidants act, where, and when they are active may reveal a rational approach that leads to more tremendous pharmacological success. This review studies the associations between oxidative stress, redox signaling, and disease, the mechanisms through which oxidative stress can donate to pathology, the antioxidant defenses, the limits of their effectiveness, and antioxidant defenses that can be increased through physiological signaling, dietary constituents, and probable pharmaceutical interference. Prospective clinical applications of enzyme mimics and current progress in metal- and non-metal-based materials with enzyme-like activities and protection against chronic diseases have been discussed.
This review discussed oxidative stress as one of the main causes of illnesses, as well as antioxidant systems and their defense mechanisms that can be useful in inhibiting these diseases. Thus, the positive and deleterious effects of antioxidant molecules used to lessen oxidative stress in numerous human diseases are discussed. The optimal level of vitamins and minerals is the amount that achieves the best feed benefit, best growth rate, and health, including immune efficiency, and provides sufficient amounts to the body.
自由基是具有不成对电子的小而高度活跃的物质。自由基包括反应性物质的亚组，它们都是正常细胞代谢的产物。当自由基的产生超过体内细胞抗氧化系统的能力时，就会发生氧化应激。
本综述阐明了抗氧化剂在疾病抑制和治疗中的预期作用。
通过检索电子数据库（如 PubMed、Web of Science 和 Science Direct）获取关于氧化应激、自由基、活性氧化物质以及天然和合成抗氧化剂的信息，本综述纳入了 1987 年至 2023 年发表的文章。
自由基在生命系统中具有双重作用。它们是需氧代谢的有毒副产物，导致氧化损伤和组织紊乱，并作为信号激活适当的应激反应。本综述讨论了内源性和外源性活性氧物质的来源。氧化应激是许多疾病的组成部分，包括糖尿病、动脉粥样硬化、心血管疾病、阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病和癌症。虽然各种被评估为抗氧化剂的小分子在临床前研究中显示出了治疗前景，但临床试验结果并不理想。了解抗氧化剂在何处以及何时发挥作用的机制可能会揭示出一种更合理的方法，从而带来更巨大的药理学成功。本综述研究了氧化应激、氧化还原信号与疾病之间的关系、氧化应激如何导致病理学、抗氧化防御、其有效性的局限性以及通过生理信号、饮食成分和可能的药物干预增加抗氧化防御的机制。还讨论了酶模拟物的潜在临床应用以及具有酶样活性和预防慢性疾病的金属和非金属基材料的最新进展。
本综述讨论了氧化应激作为许多疾病的主要原因之一，以及抗氧化系统及其防御机制，这些机制在抑制这些疾病方面可能是有用的。因此，讨论了用于减轻许多人类疾病中氧化应激的抗氧化分子的积极和有害影响。最佳的维生素和矿物质水平是达到最佳饲料效益、最佳生长速度和健康（包括免疫效率）所需的量，并为身体提供足够的量。
