Contrast Media in Pregnant and Lactating Patients, From the Special Series on Contrast Media.

IV contrast media improve the diagnostic power of radiology examinations. These media include gadolinium-based contrast media and iron oxide nanoparticles for MRI, iodinated contrast material for CT, microbubbles for ultrasound, and radiopharmaceuticals for nuclear medicine. As do all medications, contrast media carry risks, which may be heightened in the conditions of pregnancy and lactation. Radiologists must understand the potential risks from contrast media exposure to the pregnant patient, fetus, and nursing infant, as well as understand these administrations' impact on the clinical utility of examinations. This article reviews the available literature on these media, along with key regulatory bodies' and professional societies' current recommendations for their use, in the settings of pregnancy and lactation. This knowledge should help radiologists make well-reasoned risk-benefit analyses regarding contrast media administration and allow informed consent discussions with pregnant and nursing patients for whom contrast media administration is being considered. This information and analysis can also assist facilities in designing policies and standard operating procedures of possible clinical benefit to the pregnant patient, fetus, or nursing infant, balancing contrast media exposure considerations against augmented diagnostic capabilities.