Vadsaria Khadija, Mohammed Nuruddin, Aamir Shelina, Nuruddin Rozina
Medical College, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.
BMC Nutr. 2024 Jul 24;10(1):104. doi: 10.1186/s40795-024-00912-3.
Maintaining a healthy and diverse diet during pregnancy is crucial for maternal well-being and fetal development. The first trimester marks the beginning of vital developmental processes influenced by maternal nutritional status. Therefore, we aimed to determine dietary adequacy and diversity among first-trimester pregnant women.
In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 306 first-trimester pregnant women from the antenatal clinics of Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi (January 2020 to September 2021). Eligible women possessed smartphones (for the mHealth intervention trial) and reported no major comorbidities or medication use. Data about socio-demographic, obstetric, and dietary history were collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire. Booking weight, height, blood pressure, and haemoglobin levels were extracted from medical records. An aggregate dietary risk score (DRS) was calculated separately for quantity and quality by summing the DRS for each of the six major food groups. A score of 0 was assigned to adequate, 1.5 to intermediate, and 3 to inadequate quantity or quality categories. Data were analysed using STATA 14.0.
The mean ± SD for DRS quantity and quality were 10.6 ± 2.4 and 7.5 ± 2.5, respectively. Adequate dietary quantity and quality per week for starch-based food were reported by 14.4% and 21.2%, for vegetables by 0.3% and 49%, for fruits by 41.2% and 88.6%, for animal and plant protein by 19% and 0%, for milk and milk products by 1% and 37.6% and for oils and fats by 90.5% and 8.8%, respectively. Sweet and savoury snacks were eaten by 74.8% and 53.9%, respectively. Ready-made meals, carbonated beverages, packaged juices, and additional salt were consumed by 55.2%, 46.4%, 34.3%, and 7.5%, respectively. The median (IQR) water intake was 6 (4-8) glasses/day.
During the early stages of pregnancy, women enrolled for antenatal care at an urban private tertiary care hospital report inadequate dietary intake for various food groups, except for the quantity of oils/fats and the quality of fruit consumption. Poor dietary practices underscore the need for focused and impactful dietary counselling during the initial stages of pregnancy.
孕期保持健康多样的饮食对母亲的健康和胎儿发育至关重要。孕早期标志着受母亲营养状况影响的重要发育过程的开始。因此，我们旨在确定孕早期孕妇的饮食充足性和多样性。
在这项横断面研究中，我们从卡拉奇阿迦汗大学医院的产前诊所招募了306名孕早期孕妇（2020年1月至2021年9月）。符合条件的女性拥有智能手机（用于移动健康干预试验），且报告无重大合并症或正在使用药物。通过使用结构化问卷进行访谈收集社会人口统计学、产科和饮食史数据。从病历中提取登记体重、身高、血压和血红蛋白水平。通过对六个主要食物组中每组的饮食风险评分（DRS）求和，分别计算数量和质量的综合饮食风险评分。充足类别评分为0，中等类别评分为1.5，数量或质量不足类别评分为3。使用STATA 14.0进行数据分析。
DRS数量和质量的平均值±标准差分别为10.6±2.4和7.5±2.5。报告每周淀粉类食物饮食数量充足和质量充足的比例分别为14.4%和21.2%，蔬菜分别为0.3%和49%，水果分别为41.2%和88.6%，动植物蛋白分别为19%和0%，牛奶及奶制品分别为1%和37.6%，油脂分别为90.5%和8.8%。分别有74.8%和53.9%的孕妇食用甜味和咸味零食。分别有55.2%、46.4%、34.3%和7.5%的孕妇食用即食餐、碳酸饮料、包装果汁和额外添加盐。水摄入量的中位数（四分位间距）为每天6（4 - 8）杯。
在怀孕早期，在城市私立三级护理医院进行产前检查的女性报告，除了油脂的摄入量和水果的食用质量外，各类食物的饮食摄入量均不足。不良的饮食习惯突出表明在怀孕初期需要有针对性且有效的饮食咨询。
