Smith M
Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985 Aug;14(3):657-80. doi: 10.1016/s0300-595x(85)80011-6.
Recent studies investigating the association between low levels of lead and children's IQ, behaviour and educational attainment are reviewed. The main emphasis is on the methodological issues and problems which face researchers carrying out these cross-sectional epidemiological studies, and in particular the problem of confounding social factors. It is concluded that body lead levels in children do to some extent act as a marker for socially disadvantageous factors, and that when these are controlled adequately, if there are any functional effects due to lead, then these are so small that they cannot be detected with any certainty, and they may not exist at all.
本文综述了近期关于低铅水平与儿童智商、行为及学业成就之间关联的研究。主要关注开展这些横断面流行病学研究的研究人员所面临的方法学问题和难题，尤其是混杂社会因素的问题。研究得出结论，儿童体内的铅水平在一定程度上可作为社会不利因素的一个标志，并且当这些因素得到充分控制后，如果铅存在任何功能影响，那么这些影响非常小以至于无法确切检测到，甚至可能根本不存在。
