Winneke G, Kraemer U
Neuropsychobiology. 1984;11(3):195-202. doi: 10.1159/000118077.
Following a short and selective summary of findings from psychological studies on lead-induced cognitive dysfunction in man, our own studies in lead-exposed children are briefly described in more detail. These studies, run in the cities of Duisburg and Stolberg, were based on tooth lead levels as the principal indicator of long-term cumulative lead exposure. From a comprehensive sample of neuropsychological outcome measures, only few significant findings emerged, namely lead-related deficits of visual-motor integration and of reaction performance, but not of general intelligence. Without exception, the observed lead effects were small compared to those of social background. An interesting interaction was found between lead exposure and social background for visual-motor integration and for reaction performance: for both these measures, but not for intelligence, the degree of association between performance deficit and lead exposure was more pronounced in socially disadvantaged children than in those from a more middle-class background. This finding was tentatively discussed within a transactional model of development. The common practice of simply controlling the effects of confounding social factors by analysis of covariance or related techniques appears doubtful in this context.
在对关于铅诱导的人类认知功能障碍的心理学研究结果进行简短且有选择性的总结之后，我们将更详细地简要描述我们自己对铅暴露儿童的研究。这些在杜伊斯堡和施托尔贝格市进行的研究，以牙齿铅含量作为长期累积铅暴露的主要指标。从全面的神经心理学结果测量样本中，仅出现了少数显著发现，即与铅相关的视觉运动整合和反应表现缺陷，但一般智力方面没有。无一例外，与社会背景因素相比，观察到的铅效应较小。在视觉运动整合和反应表现方面，发现铅暴露与社会背景之间存在有趣的相互作用：对于这两项测量指标，但对于智力则不然，社会弱势儿童的表现缺陷与铅暴露之间的关联程度比来自中产阶级背景的儿童更为明显。这一发现已在发展的交互作用模型中进行了初步讨论。在这种情况下，通过协方差分析或相关技术简单控制混杂社会因素影响的常见做法似乎值得怀疑。
