Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2024 Nov;28(4):372-397. doi: 10.1177/10888683241263634. Epub 2024 Jul 26.
Stronger theory on the nature of human well-being is needed, especially as well-being indicators are increasingly utilized in policy contexts. Building on Erik Allardt, who argued that a theory of well-being is, in essence, a theory of human nature, I propose four modes of existence each capturing one dimension central to human well-being: recognizes humans as biological creatures requiring certain material resources for survival. captures human social nature and our dependence on others for well-being. highlights the active and agentic nature of human existence. acknowledges humans as experiencing their existence. Each mode of existence gives rise to a few more specific needs, and a full assessment of human well-being requires both subjective and objective indicators tapping into these needs. The proposed theory integrates psychological well-being research with sociological and philosophical traditions and contributes to debates about how the progress of nations and sustainability should be measured.
Well-being is something we all value individually, and it is also a key political goal. Accordingly, how we define and measure well-being influences what physicians, managers, policy-makers, politicians, and international organizations aim to improve through their work. Better theories of well-being make better measurement of well-being possible, which makes possible more effective and evidence-based advancement of human well-being. In this spirit, the present article argues that there are four fundamental dimensions to human well-being: highlights that as biological creatures, we have physical needs, highlights human social needs, highlights that we are active and agentic beings with goals and strivings, and highlights that we feel and evaluate our lives. To assess well-being, we need measures tapping into all four of these dimensions. And to assess the of well-being, we need to examine how to provide well-being for all humanity while remaining within planetary boundaries.
需要更强大的人类福祉理论，尤其是因为福祉指标在政策背景中越来越多地被使用。基于认为福祉理论本质上是一种人性理论的埃里克·阿尔达尔特（Erik Allardt），我提出了四种存在模式，每种模式都捕捉到了人类福祉的一个核心维度： 承认人类是需要某些物质资源才能生存的生物。 捕捉人类的社会本性和我们对他人福祉的依赖。 突出了人类存在的积极和主体性质。 承认人类作为体验自己存在的存在。每种存在模式都会产生一些更具体的需求，而对人类福祉的全面评估需要主观和客观指标来满足这些需求。所提出的理论将心理福祉研究与社会学和哲学传统相结合，并为关于如何衡量国家和可持续性的进步的辩论做出了贡献。
幸福是我们每个人都珍视的东西，也是一个关键的政治目标。因此，我们如何定义和衡量幸福会影响医生、管理者、政策制定者、政治家和国际组织通过他们的工作旨在改善的方向。更好的幸福理论使更好地衡量幸福成为可能，这使得更有效地推进人类幸福和基于证据的发展成为可能。本着这种精神，本文认为人类福祉有四个基本维度： 强调作为生物，我们有身体需求， 强调人类的社会需求， 强调我们是有目标和追求的积极主动的存在， 强调我们感受和评价我们的生活。为了评估福祉，我们需要使用能够反映这四个维度的指标。为了评估福祉的程度，我们需要研究如何在保持地球边界的前提下为全人类提供福祉。
