Kim Dong Hyun, Min Ki Ha, Pack Seung Pil
Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.
Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.
Biomimetics (Basel). 2024 Jul 2;9(7):402. doi: 10.3390/biomimetics9070402.
Carbonated apatite (CAp), known as the main mineral that makes up human bone, can be utilized in conjunction with scaffolds to increase their bioactivity. Various methods (e.g., co-precipitation, hydrothermal, and biomimetic coatings) have been used to provide bioactivity by forming CAp on surfaces similar to bone minerals. Among them, the use of simulated body fluids (SBF) is the most popular biomimetic method for generating CAp, as it can provide a mimetic environment. However, coating methods using SBF require at least a week for CAp formation. The long time it takes to coat biomimetic scaffolds is a point of improvement in a field that requires rapid regeneration. Here, we report a step-wise biomimetic coating method to form CAp using calcium carbonate vaterite (CCV) as a precursor. We can manufacture CCV-transformed CAp (V-CAp) on the surface in 4 h at least by immersing CCV in a phosphate solution. The V-CAp deposited surface was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images according to the type of phosphate solutions to optimize the reaction conditions. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis validated the conversion of CCV to V-CAp on surfaces. In addition, the bioactivity of V-CAp coating was analyzed by the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in vitro. V-CAp showed 2.3-folded higher cell proliferation and 1.4-fold higher ALP activity than the glass surface. The step-wise method of CCV-transformed CAp is a biocompatible method that allows the environment of bone regeneration and has the potential to confer bioactivity to biomaterial surfaces, such as imparting bioactivity to non-bioactive metal or scaffold surfaces within one day. It can rapidly form carbonated apatite, which can greatly improve time efficiency in research and industrial applications.
碳酸磷灰石（CAp）是构成人体骨骼的主要矿物质，可与支架材料结合使用以提高其生物活性。人们已采用各种方法（如共沉淀法、水热法和仿生涂层法）通过在类似于骨矿物质的表面形成CAp来赋予生物活性。其中，使用模拟体液（SBF）是生成CAp最常用的仿生方法，因为它可以提供一个模拟环境。然而，使用SBF的涂层方法形成CAp至少需要一周时间。在需要快速再生的领域，仿生支架涂层所需的长时间是一个有待改进之处。在此，我们报告一种分步仿生涂层方法，该方法以球霰石碳酸钙（CCV）为前体形成CAp。通过将CCV浸入磷酸盐溶液中，我们至少可以在4小时内在表面制造出CCV转化的CAp（V-CAp）。根据磷酸盐溶液的类型，使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）图像对沉积V-CAp的表面进行分析，以优化反应条件。X射线衍射（XRD）和衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱（ATR-FTIR）分析验证了表面CCV向V-CAp的转化。此外，通过体外成骨细胞的增殖和分化分析了V-CAp涂层的生物活性。V-CAp的细胞增殖率比玻璃表面高2.3倍，碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性高1.4倍。CCV转化为CAp的分步方法是一种生物相容的方法，可营造骨再生环境，并且有可能赋予生物材料表面生物活性，例如在一天内赋予非生物活性金属或支架表面生物活性。它可以快速形成碳酸磷灰石，这可以大大提高研究和工业应用中的时间效率。
