Kastratovic Nikolina, Zdravkovic Natasa, Cekerevac Ivan, Sekerus Vanesa, Harrell Carl Randall, Mladenovic Violeta, Djukic Aleksandar, Volarevic Ana, Brankovic Marija, Gmizic Tijana, Zdravkovic Marija, Bjekic-Macut Jelica, Zdravkovic Nebojsa, Djonov Valentin, Volarevic Vladislav
Center for Research on Harmful Effects of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
Diseases. 2024 Jul 5;12(7):144. doi: 10.3390/diseases12070144.
Smoke derived from combustible cigarettes (CCs) contains numerous harmful chemicals that can impair the viability, proliferation, and activation of immune cells, affecting the progression of chronic inflammatory diseases. In order to avoid the detrimental effects of cigarette smoking, many CC users have replaced CCs with heated tobacco products (HTPs). Due to different methods of tobacco processing, CC-sourced smoke and HTP-derived aerosols contain different chemical constituents. With the exception of nicotine, HTP-sourced aerosols contain significantly lower amounts of harmful constituents than CC-derived smoke. Since HTP-dependent effects on immune-cell-driven inflammation are still unknown, herein we used flow cytometry analysis, intracellular staining, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine the impact of CCs and HTPs on systemic inflammatory response in patients suffering from ulcerative colitis (UC), diabetes mellitus (DM), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Both CCs and HTPs significantly modulated cytokine production in circulating immune cells, affecting the systemic inflammatory response in COPD, DM, and UC patients. Compared to CCs, HTPs had weaker capacity to induce the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, IL-17, TNF-α), but more efficiently induced the production of immunosuppressive IL-10 and IL-35. Additionally, HTPs significantly enhanced the synthesis of pro-fibrotic TGF-β. The continuous use of CCs and HTPs aggravated immune-cell-driven systemic inflammation in COPD and DM patients, but not in UC patients, suggesting that the immunomodulatory effects of CC-derived smoke and HTP-sourced aerosols are disease-specific, and need to be determined for specific immune-cell-driven inflammatory diseases.
可燃香烟（CCs）产生的烟雾含有大量有害化学物质，这些物质会损害免疫细胞的活力、增殖和激活，影响慢性炎症性疾病的进展。为了避免吸烟的有害影响，许多CC使用者已用加热烟草制品（HTPs）取代了CCs。由于烟草加工方法不同，CC产生的烟雾和HTP产生的气溶胶含有不同的化学成分。除尼古丁外，HTP产生的气溶胶中有害成分的含量明显低于CC产生的烟雾。由于HTP对免疫细胞驱动的炎症的影响尚不清楚，在此我们使用流式细胞术分析、细胞内染色和酶联免疫吸附测定来确定CCs和HTPs对溃疡性结肠炎（UC）、糖尿病（DM）和慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者全身炎症反应的影响。CCs和HTPs均显著调节循环免疫细胞中细胞因子的产生，影响COPD、DM和UC患者的全身炎症反应。与CCs相比，HTPs诱导炎性细胞因子（IFN-γ、IL-1β、IL-5、IL-6、IL-12、IL-23、IL-17、TNF-α）合成的能力较弱，但更有效地诱导免疫抑制性IL-10和IL-35的产生。此外，HTPs显著增强促纤维化TGF-β的合成。持续使用CCs和HTPs会加重COPD和DM患者免疫细胞驱动的全身炎症，但不会加重UC患者的炎症，这表明CC产生的烟雾和HTP产生的气溶胶的免疫调节作用具有疾病特异性，需要针对特定的免疫细胞驱动的炎症性疾病进行确定。
