Type 2 Diabetes, Circulating Metabolites, and Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

Epidemiological studies have shown an association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS), but the potential causal relationship and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, we conducted a two-sample and two-step Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to evaluate the association of T2D with CAVS and the mediating effects of circulating metabolites and blood pressure using genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was used for the primary MR analysis, and comprehensive sensitivity analyses were performed to validate the robustness of the results. Our results showed that genetically predicted T2D was associated with increased CAVS risk (OR 1.153, 95% CI 1.096-1.214, < 0.001), and this association persisted even after adjusting for adiposity traits in multivariable MR analysis. Furthermore, the two-step MR analysis identified 69 of 251 candidate mediators that partially mediated the effect of T2D on CAVS, including total branched-chain amino acids (proportion mediated: 23.29%), valine (17.78%), tyrosine (9.68%), systolic blood pressure (8.72%), the triglyceride group (6.07-11.99%), the fatty acid group (4.78-12.82%), and the cholesterol group (3.64-11.56%). This MR study elucidated the causal impact of T2D on CAVS risk independently of adiposity and identified potential mediators in this association pathways. Our findings shed light on the pathogenesis of CAVS and suggest additional targets for the prevention and intervention of CAVS attributed to T2D.