Expression Patterns of , , and Reveal Insights into Heterosis for Growth of Hybrid Offspring between and .

TGF-β1/Smads is a classic signaling pathway, which plays important roles in the development process of organisms. Black porgy and red porgy are valuable economic fishes, and their hybrid offspring show excellent heterosis traits. Yet the molecular regulation mechanism of the heterosis traits is less clear. Here, we explored the TGF-β1/Smads pathway's molecular genetic information for heterosis in ♂ × ♀ (AP) and ♀ × ♂ (PA) in terms of growth and development. The mRNA expression levels of , , , and genes in different developmental stages of were detected. Furthermore, the expression levels of , , , and genes in different tissues of adult (mRNA level) and larva (mRNA and protein level) of , , and their hybrids were determined by both real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot techniques. The results indicated the ubiquitous expression of these genes in all developmental stages of and in all tested tissues of , and its hybrids. Among them, the mRNA of , and genes is highly expressed in the liver, gill, kidney, and muscle of black porgy, red porgy, and their hybrid offspring. There are significant changes in gene and protein expression levels in hybrid offspring, which indirectly reflect hybrid advantage. In addition, there was no correlation between protein and mRNA expression levels of Smad2 protein. The results provide novel data for the differential expression of growth and development genes between the reciprocal hybridization generation of black porgy and red porgy and its parents, which is conducive to further explaining the molecular regulation mechanism of heterosis in the growth and development of hybrid porgy.