Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Control and Utilization, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
Genes (Basel). 2024 Jul 22;15(7):964. doi: 10.3390/genes15070964.
Most species of Papilionidae are large and beautiful ornamental butterflies. They are recognized as model organisms in ecology, evolutionary biology, genetics, and conservation biology but present numerous unresolved phylogenetic problems. Complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) have been widely used in phylogenetic studies of butterflies, but mitogenome knowledge within the family Papilionidae is limited, and its phylogeny is far from resolved. In this study, we first report the mitogenome of from the subfamily Papilioninae of Papilionidae. The mitogenome of is 15,135 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and an AT-rich control region (CR), closely mirroring the genomic structure observed in related butterfly species. Comparative analysis of 77 Papilionidae mitogenomes shows gene composition and order to be identical to that of an ancestral insect, and the AT bias, Ka/Ks, and relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) are all consistent with that of other reported butterfly mitogenomes. We conducted phylogenetic analyses using maximum-likelihood (ML) and Bayesian-inference (BI) methods, with 77 Papilionidae species as ingroups and two species of Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae as outgroups. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that were clustered within . The phylogenetic trees show the monophyly of the subfamily Papilioninae and the tribes Leptocircini, Papilionini, and Troidini. The data supported the following relationships in tribe level on Papilioninae: (((Troidini + Papilionini) + Teinopalpini) + Leptocircini). The divergence time analysis suggests that Papilionidae originated in the late Creataceous. Overall, utilizing the largest number of Papilionidae mitogenomes sequenced to date, with the current first exploration in a phylogenetic analysis on Papilionidae (including four subfamilies), this study comprehensively reveals the mitogenome characteristics and mitogenome-based phylogeny, providing information for further studies on the mitogenome, phylogeny, evolution, and taxonomic revision of the Papilionidae family.
大多数凤蝶科物种都是大型且美丽的观赏蝴蝶。它们被认为是生态学、进化生物学、遗传学和保护生物学的模式生物，但存在许多未解决的系统发育问题。完整的线粒体基因组（mitogenome）已广泛应用于蝴蝶的系统发育研究，但凤蝶科的线粒体基因组知识有限，其系统发育远未解决。在这项研究中，我们首次报道了凤蝶科凤蝶亚科的线粒体基因组。 的线粒体基因组长 15135bp，包含 13 个蛋白质编码基因、22 个转移 RNA 基因、2 个核糖体 RNA 基因和一个富含 AT 的控制区（CR），与相关蝴蝶物种的基因组结构非常相似。对 77 种凤蝶科线粒体基因组的比较分析表明，基因组成和顺序与昆虫的祖先相同，并且 AT 偏好、Ka/Ks 和相对同义密码子使用（RSCU）都与其他报道的蝴蝶线粒体基因组一致。我们使用最大似然法（ML）和贝叶斯推断法（BI）进行了系统发育分析，以 77 种凤蝶科物种为内群，以鳞翅目两个科和蛱蝶科的两个物种为外群。系统发育分析表明， 属于凤蝶亚科。系统发育树显示凤蝶亚科及其族 Leptocircini、Papilionini 和 Troidini 的单系性。数据支持凤蝶亚科在族水平上的以下关系：（（（Troidini + Papilionini）+ Teinopalpini）+ Leptocircini）。分歧时间分析表明，凤蝶科起源于晚白垩世。总的来说，利用迄今为止测序的最大数量的凤蝶科线粒体基因组，以及对凤蝶科（包括四个亚科）进行的首次系统发育分析，本研究全面揭示了线粒体基因组的特征和基于线粒体基因组的系统发育，为进一步研究凤蝶科的线粒体基因组、系统发育、进化和分类修订提供了信息。
