Susa Francesca, Arpicco Silvia, Pirri Candido Fabrizio, Limongi Tania
Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy.
Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy.
Pharmaceutics. 2024 Jun 22;16(7):849. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070849.
The state of well-being and health of our body is regulated by the fine osmotic and biochemical balance established between the cells of the different tissues, organs, and systems. Specific districts of the human body are defined, kept in the correct state of functioning, and, therefore, protected from exogenous or endogenous insults of both mechanical, physical, and biological nature by the presence of different barrier systems. In addition to the placental barrier, which even acts as a linker between two different organisms, the mother and the fetus, all human body barriers, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-retinal barrier, blood-nerve barrier, blood-lymph barrier, and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, operate to maintain the physiological homeostasis within tissues and organs. From a pharmaceutical point of view, the most challenging is undoubtedly the BBB, since its presence notably complicates the treatment of brain disorders. BBB action can impair the delivery of chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals into the brain, reducing their therapeutic efficacy and/or increasing their unwanted bioaccumulation in the surrounding healthy tissues. Recent nanotechnological innovation provides advanced biomaterials and ad hoc customized engineering and functionalization methods able to assist in brain-targeted drug delivery. In this context, lipid nanocarriers, including both synthetic (liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, nanostructured lipid carriers, niosomes, proniosomes, and cubosomes) and cell-derived ones (extracellular vesicles and cell membrane-derived nanocarriers), are considered one of the most successful brain delivery systems due to their reasonable biocompatibility and ability to cross the BBB. This review aims to provide a complete and up-to-date point of view on the efficacy of the most varied lipid carriers, whether FDA-approved, involved in clinical trials, or used in in vitro or in vivo studies, for the treatment of inflammatory, cancerous, or infectious brain diseases.
我们身体的健康状态是由不同组织、器官和系统的细胞之间建立的精细渗透和生化平衡所调节的。人体的特定区域被定义，并保持在正确的功能状态，因此，通过不同屏障系统的存在，可免受机械、物理和生物性质的外源性或内源性损伤。除了胎盘屏障，它甚至还充当母亲和胎儿这两种不同生物体之间的连接物外，所有人体屏障，包括血脑屏障（BBB）、血视网膜屏障、血神经屏障、血淋巴屏障和血脑脊液屏障，都在维持组织和器官内的生理稳态。从制药的角度来看，最具挑战性的无疑是血脑屏障，因为它的存在显著地使脑部疾病的治疗变得复杂。血脑屏障的作用会损害化学药物和生物药物进入大脑的输送，降低它们的治疗效果和/或增加它们在周围健康组织中不必要的生物积累。最近的纳米技术创新提供了先进的生物材料以及专门定制的工程和功能化方法，能够辅助脑部靶向给药。在这种背景下，脂质纳米载体，包括合成的（脂质体、固体脂质纳米粒、纳米乳剂、纳米结构脂质载体、囊泡、前体脂质体和立方液晶）和细胞衍生的（细胞外囊泡和细胞膜衍生的纳米载体），由于其合理的生物相容性和穿越血脑屏障的能力，被认为是最成功的脑部给药系统之一。本综述旨在提供一个完整且最新的观点，阐述各种脂质载体（无论是否获得FDA批准、参与临床试验，还是用于体外或体内研究）在治疗炎症性、癌性或感染性脑部疾病方面的疗效。
