School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
Gene. 2024 Nov 30;928:148800. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148800. Epub 2024 Jul 25.
ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) or EIN3-Like (EIL) proteins, play critical roles in integrating ethylene signaling and physiological regulation in plants by modulating the expression of various downstream genes, such as ethylene-response factors (ERFs). However, little is known about the characteristics of EIN3/EILs in the gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba. In the present study, a genome-wide comparative analysis of Ginkgo EIN3/EIL gene family was performed with those from an array of species, including bryophytes (Physcomitrella patens), gymnosperms (Cycas panzhihuaensis), and angiosperms (Arabidopsis thaliana, Gossypium raimondii, Gossypium hirsutum, Oryza sativa, and Brachypodium distachyon). Within the constructed phylogenetic tree for the 53 EIN3/EILs identified, 5 GbEILs from G. biloba, 2 PpEILs from P. patens, and 3 CpEILs from C. panzhihuaensis were assigned to one cluster, suggesting that their derivation occurred after the split of their ancestors and angiosperms. Although considerable divergence accumulated in amino acid sequences along with the evolutionary process, the specific EIN3_DNA-binding domains were evolutionarily conserved among the 53 EIN3/EILs. Collinearity analysis indicated that whole-genome or segmental duplication and subsequent purifying selection might have prompted the generation and evolution of EIN3/EIL multigene families. Based on the expression patterns of five GbEILs at the four developmental stages of Ginkgo ovules, one GbEIL gene (Gb_03292) was further investigated for its role in mediating ethylene signaling. The functional activity of Gb_03292 was closely related to ethylene signaling, as it complemented the triple response via ectopic expression in ein3eil1 double mutant Arabidopsis. Additionally, GbEIL likely modulates the expression of a Ginkgo ERF (Gb_15517) by directly binding to its promoter. These results demonstrated that the GbEIL gene could have participated in mediating ethylene signal transduction during ovule development in G. biloba. The present study also provides insights into the conservation of ethylene signaling across the gymnosperm G. biloba and angiosperm species.
乙烯不敏感 3（EIN3）或 EIN3 样（EIL）蛋白通过调节各种下游基因（如乙烯应答因子（ERFs））的表达，在植物中整合乙烯信号和生理调节中发挥着关键作用。然而，关于裸子植物银杏中的 EIN3/EIL 的特征知之甚少。本研究通过与包括苔藓植物（Physcomitrella patens）、裸子植物（Cycas panzhihuaensis）和被子植物（Arabidopsis thaliana、Gossypium raimondii、Gossypium hirsutum、Oryza sativa 和 Brachypodium distachyon）在内的多个物种的基因组比较分析，对银杏 EIN3/EIL 基因家族进行了全基因组分析。在所构建的 53 个鉴定的 EIN3/EIL 系统发育树中，来自银杏的 5 个 GbEIL、来自 P. patens 的 2 个 PpEIL 和来自 C. panzhihuaensis 的 3 个 CpEIL 被分配到一个聚类中，表明它们的起源发生在它们的祖先和被子植物分裂之后。尽管氨基酸序列在进化过程中积累了大量的差异，但在 53 个 EIN3/EIL 中，特定的 EIN3_DNA 结合结构域在进化上是保守的。共线性分析表明，全基因组或片段复制以及随后的纯化选择可能促使 EIN3/EIL 多基因家族的产生和进化。基于银杏胚珠四个发育阶段的五个 GbEIL 的表达模式，进一步研究了一个 GbEIL 基因（Gb_03292）在介导乙烯信号中的作用。Gb_03292 的功能活性与乙烯信号密切相关，因为它通过在 ein3eil1 双突变体拟南芥中外源表达来补充三重反应。此外，GbEIL 可能通过直接结合其启动子来调节银杏 ERF（Gb_15517）的表达。这些结果表明，GbEIL 基因可能参与了银杏胚珠发育过程中乙烯信号转导的调节。本研究还为裸子植物银杏和被子植物物种中乙烯信号的保守性提供了见解。
