Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antipyretic potential of ethanolic extract of Retz through , and models.

Uncontrolled inflammation is a crucial factor in the development of many diseases. Anti-inflammatory molecules based on natural sources are being actively studied, among which Retz () has been traditionally used as a paste to heal inflammation. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic potential of an ethanolic extract of through a battery of and models. The ethanolic extract of was prepared by maceration and chemically characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography, which revealed the presence of quercetin, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, -coumaric acid, -coumaric acid, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, and sinapic acid; its antioxidant capacity was then screened with the DPPH assay, which indicated moderate scavenging capacity. A protein denaturation assay was next performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of , which showed significant inhibition (44.44%) compared to the standard drug (diclofenac sodium), with 89.19% inhibition at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. The safety profile of was evaluated in accordance with the OECD-425 acute toxicity guidelines and found to be safe up to 5 g/kg. The anti-inflammatory potentials of were evaluated at three different doses (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) in acute (carrageenan-induced edema: 84.60%, histamine-induced paw edema: 84%), sub-chronic (cotton-pellet-induced granuloma: 57.54%), and chronic (complete-Freund's-adjuvant-induced arthritis: 82.2%) models. Our results showed that had significant ( < 0.05) anti-inflammatory effects over diclofenac sodium in the acute and chronic models. Histopathology studies indicated reduced infiltration of paw tissues with inflammatory cells in -treated animals. Similarly, showed significant ( < 0.05) analgesic (yeast-induced-pyrexia model: 23.53%) and antipyretic (acetic-acid-induced writhing model: 51%) effects in a time-dependent manner. studies on the interactions of COX-1 and COX-2 with the eight ligands mentioned earlier confirmed the inhibition of enzymes responsible for inflammation and fever. Based on the findings of the present study, it is concluded that has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties that are likely linked to its pharmacologically active phenolic bioactive molecules.