Madalgi Radhika K, Arakera Suresh B, Kulkarni Raghavendra D
Molecular Medicine & Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Department of Applied Genetics, Karnatak University, Pavate Nagar, Dharwad, 580003, Karnataka, India.
Department of Microbiology SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara (SDM) University, Dharwad, 580009, Karnataka, India.
Indian J Med Microbiol. 2024 Sep-Oct;51:100694. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100694. Epub 2024 Aug 17.
Aptamers are not so new a concept, however, it is scarcely discussed by medical fraternity. Aptamers are potent, new identification molecules set to rope in a new technique in the diagnostic arena. Aptamers have started almost a revolution in diagnostic assays since their discovery in the 90s. (Radu S. Current and previous disease outbreaks around the world, U.S. News & World Report. 2020 Mar 13 [cited 2024 Jun 17]. Available from: https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/slideshows/20-pandemic-and-epidemic-diseases-according-to-who) provides an overview of pandemics and epidemics as reported by the WHO. It is interesting to note that several endemic and epidemic diseases viz. Chikungunya, Cholera, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Ebola virus disease, Hendra virus infection, Influenza, Lassa fever, Marburg virus disease, Meningitis, MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus), Monkeypox, Nipah virus infection, Novel coronavirus, Plague, Rift Valley fever, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), Smallpox, Tularaemia, Yellow fever, and Zika virus disease have been identified by the WHO and are being explored for applicability of aptamer technology in their identification.
One of the most important necessities to control epidemic or pandemic diseases is early diagnosis. However, the majority of the diagnostic tests for these diseases are available only in tertiary care centres. The objective of this review is to discuss the potential of aptamer technology to provide undemanding, simple, specific, sensitive, and cost-effective diagnostic assays that are useable in remote and field conditions.
Here, we discuss recent advances and approaches in aptamer and aptamer engineering useful in the diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious conditions. This review also discusses a few sensing discoveries which are a gift of advanced engineering and technology using optical and electrochemical aptasensors. It's still a long way to go, and we need to take into account the technological challenges being faced by aptamer-aptasensor technology.
适配体并非全新概念，然而，医学界对此讨论甚少。适配体是一类强大的新型识别分子，有望在诊断领域引入新技术。自20世纪90年代被发现以来，适配体已在诊断检测中引发了一场革命。（拉杜·S.《世界各地当前和既往的疾病爆发》，《美国新闻与世界报道》。2020年3月13日[引用日期2024年6月17日]。可从：https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/slideshows/20-pandemic-and-epidemic-diseases-according-to-who获取）提供了世界卫生组织（WHO）报告的大流行和流行病概述。值得注意的是，一些地方病和流行病，即基孔肯雅热、霍乱、克里米亚 - 刚果出血热、埃博拉病毒病、亨德拉病毒感染、流感、拉沙热、马尔堡病毒病、脑膜炎、中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒（MERS-CoV）、猴痘、尼帕病毒感染、新型冠状病毒、鼠疫、裂谷热、严重急性呼吸综合征（SARS）、天花、兔热病、黄热病和寨卡病毒病已被WHO识别，并且正在探索适配体技术在其识别中的适用性。
控制流行病或大流行疾病的最重要需求之一是早期诊断。然而，这些疾病的大多数诊断测试仅在三级医疗中心可用。本综述的目的是讨论适配体技术提供无需复杂操作、简单、特异、灵敏且经济高效的诊断检测方法的潜力，这些检测方法可在偏远和现场条件下使用。
在此，我们讨论适配体及适配体工程在感染性和非感染性疾病诊断中的最新进展和方法。本综述还讨论了一些传感发现，这些是使用光学和电化学适配体传感器的先进工程和技术的成果。适配体 - 适配体传感器技术仍面临诸多技术挑战，未来仍有很长的路要走。
