Khan Afifa, Cheema Manal F, Fatima Rida, Cheema Sidra S, Butt Zeeshan, Gillani Samreen, Ahmad Ayesha, Subhan Ullah Muhammad, Jalal Urba, Cheema Shafiq
Department of Nephrology, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, PAK.
College of Medicine, CMH (Combined Military Hospital) Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry, Lahore, PAK.
Cureus. 2024 Jun 27;16(6):e63296. doi: 10.7759/cureus.63296. eCollection 2024 Jun.
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a globally increasing health concern, and there is a growing focus on early screening and prevention efforts. However, the availability of data on CKD prevalence in Pakistan, particularly in the urban area of Lahore district, is limited. The objective of the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) Lahore was to assess the prevalence of CKD in a high-risk population residing in the urban area of Lahore, Pakistan. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 254 participants, who were over 18 years old and belonged to a high-risk population according to the pre-defined operational definitions. The participants were randomly selected from various towns in Lahore. Screening camps were set up to measure serum creatinine levels and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR), and then the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration 2021 (CKD EPI) equation. Results Out of the total 254 participants, a diagnosis of CKD was made in 62 (24.2%) individuals. Significant associations were found between CKD and risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, family history of CKD, ischemic heart disease (IHD) or congestive heart failure (CHF), intake of painkillers, and herbal medicines. However, no association was found between obesity (BMI ≥ 30) and CKD. Participants diagnosed with CKD had a mean age of 49.9 years and a mean serum creatinine level of 1.2 mg/dL, while non-CKD participants had a mean age of 43.7 years and a mean serum creatinine level of 0.7 mg/dL. Conclusion Our study revealed that CKD was prevalent in about one-fourth of the participants from the high-risk population of Lahore, indicating a high prevalence of the disease within society. Moreover, hypertension, diabetes, family history of CKD, heart disease, painkillers, and the use of herbal medicines were all significantly linked to CKD in the surveyed sample population.
背景 慢性肾脏病（CKD）是一个在全球范围内日益受到关注的健康问题，人们越来越重视早期筛查和预防工作。然而，巴基斯坦慢性肾脏病患病率的数据，尤其是拉合尔地区城市的相关数据有限。拉合尔肾脏早期评估项目（KEEP）的目标是评估居住在巴基斯坦拉合尔市区高危人群中的慢性肾脏病患病率。方法 开展了一项横断面研究，纳入254名参与者，他们年龄超过18岁，根据预先定义的操作定义属于高危人群。参与者从拉合尔的各个城镇随机选取。设立筛查营地以测量血清肌酐水平和尿白蛋白与肌酐比值（UACR），然后使用慢性肾脏病流行病学协作组2021年（CKD EPI）方程计算估计肾小球滤过率（eGFR）。结果 在总共254名参与者中，62人（24.2%）被诊断为慢性肾脏病。发现慢性肾脏病与包括高血压、糖尿病、慢性肾脏病家族史、缺血性心脏病（IHD）或充血性心力衰竭（CHF）、止痛药摄入以及草药使用等危险因素之间存在显著关联。然而，未发现肥胖（BMI≥30）与慢性肾脏病之间存在关联。被诊断为慢性肾脏病的参与者平均年龄为49.9岁，平均血清肌酐水平为1.2mg/dL，而非慢性肾脏病参与者的平均年龄为43.7岁，平均血清肌酐水平为0.7mg/dL。结论 我们的研究表明，在拉合尔高危人群中约四分之一的参与者患有慢性肾脏病，表明该疾病在社会中的患病率较高。此外，在调查的样本人群中，高血压、糖尿病、慢性肾脏病家族史、心脏病、止痛药和草药使用均与慢性肾脏病显著相关。
